清代理事同知制度初探

发布时间：2018-06-03 09:27

本文选题：清代 + 理事同知　；参考：《中央民族大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：理事同知是清代为处理旗民之间以及少数民族和汉族之间的各种事务而在地方设立的专职官员。前者设置于八旗驻防地区,后者设置于边疆少数民族和汉族交界地区的理事厅中。本文研究的是设置于八旗驻防地区的理事同知制度。理事同知从清初就在一些八旗驻防的地区开始设置,其后随着驻防地区的扩大而不断增多,并逐渐发展成比较完备的制度体系。与清朝设置在内地的府、厅中的同知比较,理事同知在设置地区、任职条件、考核标准,特别是职能上都有其特殊性,可以说是有清一代在特定的历史条件下产生的一项非常独特的制度。由于理事同知的职能主要是处理驻防八旗的旗人与所住地区的民人的各种交涉事务,因此它的建立有效适应了清朝旗民分治体制的需要,为确保清朝对全国的统治发挥了十分重要的作用。作为有清一代的一项特殊的制度,其独特的社会历史基础、制度设计和发展脉络,为我们深刻认识和把握清代民族关系的基本特点、了解多民族国家在制度构建上的多样化特征和实践经验提供了的一个很好的范例,因此对该问题的研究具有重要的学术研究价值和实践意义。本文将通过对目前本人所收集到的现有文献资料的梳理,阐明理事同知制度建立的社会基础、建置的基本状况、其在行政职能和司法职能的特点,通过对相关规定和一些具体事例的分析,明确指出清朝建立该项制度的目的,既是为了维护本民族的统治地位和政治法律特权,也是作为人口较少的民族对整个国家实行有效统治的重要保障措施,有其客观的历史必然性。在研究方法上,本文主要采用历史文献分析和法学的规范分析方法进行研究。文章的第一部分,主要介绍清代理事同知建立的社会基础——八旗及其驻防制度。八旗是清朝军政合一的社会组织,是其统治全国的强有力的军事工具,清王朝实现全国统一后,在京畿、直省和边疆的重要战略地区派八旗兵驻防,以便实现军事防御和对地方的监督控制。本文正是从这一制度背景的介绍入手,说明理事同知制度建立的原因,分析清朝建立理事同知在协调旗民两大管理系统关系上的重要性和必要性。文章的第二部分,主要阐明理事同知这一官职的设置情况,理事同知的铨选、升迁和处分等问题。虽然理事同知是清朝地方官制的重要组成部分,也需要遵从国家统一的地方职官管理制度,但由于这一官职自身的特殊性,在语言条件、出身、举荐等方面都有特殊的要求,这同时也正是我们了解这一官职的性质和独特作用的关键所在。文章的第三部分,尝试从清律的规定和文献记载的实例,对理事同知所具有的行政职能和司法职能展开深入具体的探讨。行政职能主要包括编查户口、尸检、粮租赋税、监察考试等,司法职能主要是解决旗民之间的各种纠纷。文章的第四部分,主要分析理事同知制度的特殊意义,试图说明这一制度所呈现出多民族国家在制度建构上的多样性和复杂性,以及其历史性启示。
[Abstract]:The director's knowledge is a full-time official set up in the Qing Dynasty to deal with the various affairs between the flag people and the ethnic minority and the Han nationality. The former is set in the Eight Banners garrison area and the latter is set in the director Hall of the border minority and the Han border area. This paper studies the governing system of the directors in the Eight Banners garrison.
From the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Governing Council began to set up in some eight banners garrison areas, and then gradually increased with the expansion of the garrison area, and gradually developed into a relatively complete system. Particularity is a very unique system of the Qing Dynasty under specific historical conditions.
As the function of the director's knowledge is mainly to deal with all kinds of negotiations between the flag men of the Eight Banners stationed in the garrison and the people in the area where they live, the establishment of it has effectively adapted to the needs of the division system of the Qing Dynasty, and played a very important role in ensuring the Qing Dynasty's rule over the country. As a special system with the Qing Dynasty, its unique society is a unique society. The historical basis, the design and development of the system are a good example for us to understand and grasp the basic characteristics of the ethnic relations in the Qing Dynasty and to understand the diversified characteristics and practical experiences of the multi-ethnic countries in the construction of the system. Therefore, it is of great academic value and practical significance to study the problem.
By combing the existing documents that I have collected at present, this article will clarify the social foundation of the establishment of the governing system of the same knowledge, the basic situation of its establishment, the characteristics of its administrative functions and judicial functions, and through the analysis of the relevant regulations and some specific cases, the purpose of the establishment of this system in the Qing Dynasty is pointed out, not only for the purpose of the maintenance of the Qing Dynasty, but also for the purpose of maintaining the purpose of the establishment of the system. Protecting the ruling status and political and legal privileges of the nation is also an important safeguard for the less populated nation to rule the whole country effectively, and has its objective historical inevitability.
In terms of research methods, this paper mainly adopts historical literature analysis and normative analysis method of law.
The first part of the article mainly introduces the social foundation of the identity of the members of the Qing Dynasty - the eight banners and their garrison system. The eight banners are the social organizations of the Qing Dynasty and the military and political unity of the Qing Dynasty. It is a powerful military tool to rule the whole country. After the Qing Dynasty realized the national unification, the Eight Banners garrisoned in the important strategic areas of the capital, the province and the frontier. The present military defense and the local supervision and control. This paper, starting with the introduction of this system background, illustrates the reasons for the establishment of the governing system of the same knowledge, and analyzes the importance and necessity of the establishment of the two major management systems in the Qing Dynasty.
The second part of the article mainly clarifies the setting of the official identity, the selection of the director's knowledge, the promotion and the disposition. Although the director's knowledge is an important part of the local official system in the Qing Dynasty, it also needs to comply with the national unified local official management system, but it is from the particularity of the official position in the language condition. There are special requirements for recommendation and so on. This is also the key to our understanding of the nature and unique role of this official post.
The third part of the article tries to discuss the administrative functions and judicial functions of the director's knowledge, from the provisions of the law and the examples recorded in the literature. The administrative functions mainly include the registration of the registered permanent residence, the autopsy, the tax of grain rent, the examination of the examination, and so on. The main judicial function is to solve all kinds of disputes between the flag people.
The fourth part of the article mainly analyzes the special significance of the governing system of the same knowledge, trying to explain the diversity and complexity of the system in this system, and its historical enlightenment.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249

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