明清时期鲁商研究

发布时间：2018-06-12 01:10

本文选题：明清时期 + 山东商帮　；参考：《山东师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：鲁商(即山东商帮)是以山东地区为中心,以亲缘、地缘、业缘为纽带,通过会馆、公所、商会等组织,从事商业活动的山东籍商人群体组织。明清时期,社会生产力的普遍提高与商品经济快速发展,是山东商帮兴起和发展壮大的物质基础与根本原因。社会各阶层对待商人与商业之观念的逐渐转变,对商业的发展、商帮的形成起到了积极的推动作用,奠定了思想基础。加之齐鲁之地城市的发展,既是商业发展繁荣的产物,又促进了境内的商业交流以及商人队伍的扩大。山东商帮在这一时期集中开设的商号、企业有很多,最具代表性的就是章丘旧军孟氏开创的“祥字号”商铺,使其俨然成为既富且贵的海右豪族。山东地区位置优越,交通便利,物产丰富,几乎每一种物产的加工制造都能催生出一种行业。这些行业以种植业为基础发展起来,大多以家庭手工业的形式进行生产,流通方面则由商人负责。山东商帮所从事的转运经销,几乎涵盖了山东的各行各业。其活动范围也远远超出了地方的小市场,进入区域市场以至全国性的市场。在省内,西部运河沿岸与东部沿海地区是鲁商活动的重要地区。不少内陆城镇也是鲁商的重要市场。在省外,关东、京津以及江南一带都有鲁商活跃的身影。鲁商的经营方式按商号的经营地点与范围划分,主要分为长途贩运与坐地经营两种方式;按商号资东的出资形式,主要分为独资经营与合资经营;按商号的管理方式,主要分为资东直接经营方式与经理制管理。官商互通与血缘纽带的维系是鲁商经营中的显著特点,亦体现了其历史局限性。明清时期占支配地位的正统思想是儒家思想。山东地区在先秦时期即开始接受儒家文化的熏陶,儒家精髓代代相传,影响和规范着人们的思维模式与行为方式,使鲁商的商业活动与日常生活都渗透着浓厚的仁义、诚信、谦和等儒家文化底蕴。兵家的审时度势、知人善任、勇谋智断,墨家的任贤尚能、节俭节用等思想也都被鲁商融会贯通,运用到商业经营中来,成为其共同追求的文化价值。在山东商帮之中,又按地籍细划为多个小帮,如胶州帮、登州帮、莱州帮(此三者又合称为胶东帮)、济宁帮、济南帮、潍县帮等等。它们给山东区域经济的发展注入了活力,诸如烟台、胶州、周村、章丘、临清、济宁等地,都是在明清时期鲁商的活跃中发展兴盛的。同时,作为全国经济的重要组成部分,鲁商与同时期的其他商帮一道,推动了中国工商业的近代化。
[Abstract]:Shandong Shang Dynasty (namely Shandong Shang Gang) is a group of Shandong businessmen engaged in business activities through associations, offices, chambers of commerce and so on, with Shandong as the center, relatives, geographical and industrial ties as the link. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the general improvement of social productivity and the rapid development of commodity economy were the material basis and fundamental reason for the rise and development of Shandong Shang Gang. The gradual transformation of the concept of merchants and commerce in all social strata has played a positive role in promoting the development of commerce and the formation of business groups and laid the ideological foundation. In addition, the development of Qilu city is not only the product of commercial development and prosperity, but also the promotion of domestic commercial exchanges and the expansion of the group of businessmen. There are a lot of enterprises in this period, the most representative of which is the "Xiang name" shop founded by Zhang Qiu's old army Mencius, which makes it become a rich and expensive Haiyouhao clan. Shandong has the advantages of superior location, convenient transportation and abundant products. Almost every kind of products processing and manufacturing can give birth to a kind of industry. These industries developed on the basis of planting, mostly in the form of household handicraft, and in circulation by merchants. Shandong merchants engaged in transshipment distribution, almost covered all walks of life in Shandong. Its scope of activity also goes far beyond the local small market, enters the regional market and even the national market. In the province, the western canal coast and the eastern coastal area are the important areas of Shandong business activities. Many inland towns are also an important market for Shandong merchants. Outside the province, Guan Dong, Beijing and Tianjin as well as the southern part of the Yangtze River are active in the figure of Shandong merchants. The operating mode of Shandong merchants is divided into two types according to the location and scope of business name, including long-distance trafficking and sit-down operation; according to the form of capital contribution of the firm, it is mainly divided into sole proprietorship and joint venture; and according to the management mode of business name, Mainly divided into capital-east direct management and management manager system. The maintenance of official-business communication and blood-related ties is a remarkable feature of Shandong business management, and also reflects its historical limitations. The dominant orthodoxy in Ming and Qing dynasties was Confucianism. In the pre-Qin period, Shandong began to receive the influence of Confucian culture. The essence of Confucianism was passed down from generation to generation, influencing and standardizing people's mode of thinking and behavior, so that the commercial activities and daily life of Shandong merchants were permeated with strong benevolence and integrity. Humility and other Confucian culture. The thoughts of military schools, such as judging the situation, knowing the people, seeking wisdom and judgment, the Mo school's Ren Xian still can, the thrift and the economical use, etc., are all integrated into the business operation and become the cultural value of their common pursuit. In Shandong business groups, according to the cadastral details are divided into a number of small groups, such as Jiaozhou help, Dengzhou help, Laizhou help (these three are also known as Jiaodong gang, Jining help, Jinan gang, Weixian gang and so on. They injected vitality into the development of Shandong regional economy, such as Yantai, Jiaozhou, Zhoucun, Zhangqiu, Linqing, Jining and other places, which all developed and flourished during the period of Ming and Qing dynasties. At the same time, as an important part of the national economy, Lu Shang, together with other business groups in the same period, promoted the modernization of Chinese industry and commerce.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K248

【参考文献】