清代北京煤炭开采与矿工受虐事件
发布时间：2018-11-02 07:02
【摘要】：本文从三个层面考察清代北京的煤矿开采及其劳资关系。首先,是煤矿的消长。16、17世纪之交,北京近郊西山的煤矿有360余座。明清之际战乱,1649年降至170余座,后来逐渐增加,1762年有270余座。然而,由于积水问题无法解决,1801年降至185座,1886年更减至115座。这样一来,导致煤炭供应吃紧。清高宗与清仁宗体察到这一问题的严重性,曾下令官员借款给商人挖掘泄水沟,试图恢复某些矿坑的运作,但成效相当有限。其次,是矿场的经营管理。依照规定,开矿必须向官方申请煤矿执照。投资者通常不直接参与经营,而是由申请者或其委任的管理者掌理,雇用矿长与矿工等,包括专职淘矿坑积水的"打水工"。矿工的工作极为辛苦,而为避免瓦斯中毒,矿坑中设有排气装置。其三,矿
[Abstract]:This paper examines coal mining and labor relations in Beijing in Qing Dynasty from three aspects. The first is the rise and fall of coal mines. At the turn of the 17th century, there were more than 360 coal mines in Xishan, a suburb of Beijing. During the war in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the number dropped to 170 in 1649 and gradually increased to 270 in 1762. The problem of stagnant water, however, dropped to 185 in 1801 and 115 in 1886. As a result, coal supplies are tight. Aware of the seriousness of the problem, Gaozong and Renzong ordered officials to borrow money for merchants to dig out drains in an attempt to restore the operation of some mines, but the results were rather limited. Secondly, the management of the mine. According to regulations, mining must apply to the official coal mine license. Instead of being directly involved in operations, investors are run by applicants or their appointed managers, hiring mine directors and miners, including "water drillers" who work exclusively to soak up water in mines. Miners work extremely hard, and to avoid gas poisoning, the pit is equipped with exhaust devices. Third, mine.
【作者单位】： 台北"中研院历史语言研究所";
【分类号】：K249
[Abstract]:This paper examines coal mining and labor relations in Beijing in Qing Dynasty from three aspects. The first is the rise and fall of coal mines. At the turn of the 17th century, there were more than 360 coal mines in Xishan, a suburb of Beijing. During the war in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the number dropped to 170 in 1649 and gradually increased to 270 in 1762. The problem of stagnant water, however, dropped to 185 in 1801 and 115 in 1886. As a result, coal supplies are tight. Aware of the seriousness of the problem, Gaozong and Renzong ordered officials to borrow money for merchants to dig out drains in an attempt to restore the operation of some mines, but the results were rather limited. Secondly, the management of the mine. According to regulations, mining must apply to the official coal mine license. Instead of being directly involved in operations, investors are run by applicants or their appointed managers, hiring mine directors and miners, including "water drillers" who work exclusively to soak up water in mines. Miners work extremely hard, and to avoid gas poisoning, the pit is equipped with exhaust devices. Third, mine.
【作者单位】： 台北"中研院历史语言研究所";
【分类号】：K249
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前4条
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2 龚胜生;元明清时期北京城燃料供销系统研究[J];中国历史地理论丛;1995年01期
3 汤明j，
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