两宋时期四川地区农村居民生活状态研究

发布时间：2018-12-30 22:18

【摘要】：本文主要研究宋代四川乡村农民的物质生活和精神生活两方面。宋代四川地区的乡村农民按照宋代的户籍分划制度,分为五等户,本文把第一、二等户作为上等户,第三、四、五等户作为中下等户来研究,那些没有土地的农民自然就是无产户,他们同样是乡村中不可或缺的人群。上等户主要通过出租土地收取租税来维持家产祖业,也会通过借贷、兼并土地、买卖粮食等商业性质的活动来增加自己的财富。中下等户的乡村农民通常只能依靠自己的土地或者租种上等户的土地来维持自己一家的生存,或者通过种植一些茶叶、瓜果等来增加自己的收入,再者就是在农闲的时候作为雇佣工为上等户或者大商人做工。另外就是生活更为艰辛的无产户,他们没有赖以生存的土地,名义上也不用承担国家税赋,收入主要是租种上等户的田地或者作为雇佣工从事手工业活动,但是实际中遭受着地主或者“二地主”的压制。由于四川地区特殊的地理环境和地形特点,四川境内的几大区域在经济发展水平上存在巨大的差距。赋税是国家存在的基础,乡村是赋税的重要来源之一,根据乡村户等的不同,上等户相对中下等户来说要承担较为沉重的税赋,无产户虽然不用缴纳国家赋税,但是要承担租种田地的地租,一般要交纳收入的一半。除此之外还有劳役负担。劳役变更幅度和时间的不确定性对乡村中下户的影响是立竿见影的,而对乡村上等户的影响则是微乎其微,其中尤以水利事业和战争的影响较为明显：水利事业的兴修一方面使得乡村劳动人民承担了一定的劳役负担,另一方面为粮食的收成和产量的增加奠定了基础；战争的残酷性使得物力、财力毁于一旦,加重了四川乡村农民的生活负担。衣、食、住等方面和农具的支出对于乡村一般农民也是一笔不小的开支。宋代文化彪炳青史。宋代四川乡村的文化教育正是哺育这一历史现象的土壤,另外一个方面,由于历史文化的影响以及相对封闭的地理环境,宋代四川乡村地区同样存在着对正统宗教、民间传说、巫术的多重信仰；民间娱乐活动也是丰富多彩。总之,在相对稳定的条件下,宋代四川乡村农民的精神生活状态也是积极向上的。
[Abstract]:This paper mainly studies the material life and spiritual life of rural farmers in Sichuan in Song Dynasty. In accordance with the division system of household registration in the Song Dynasty, rural farmers in the Sichuan region in the Song Dynasty were divided into five families. In this paper, the first, the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth are considered as the middle and lower class households. Those landless farmers are naturally landless, and they are also indispensable people in the countryside. The upper class heads of household maintain their wealth by renting land and collecting taxes. They also increase their wealth through commercial activities such as borrowing, annexing land, buying and selling food, and so on. Rural farmers in the middle and lower classes usually have to rely on their own land or rent land for their families to survive, or to increase their income by planting some tea, melon and fruit, etc. In addition, in the idle time as an employment worker for the upper-class households or large merchants to work. In addition, the more difficult life of the non-productive families, they do not have the land to survive on, they do not have to bear state tax, income mainly from renting the land of the superior households or engaging in handicraft activities as hired workers. In practice, however, they are oppressed by the landlords or the "two landlords". Because of the special geographical environment and topographic characteristics in Sichuan, there is a huge gap in the economic development level of several regions in Sichuan. Taxation is the basis for the existence of a country, and villages are one of the important sources of taxation. According to the differences between rural households and other households, the upper and lower class households have to bear a heavier tax burden, although the non-productive households do not have to pay state taxes. But to pay the rent to plant land, it is generally necessary to pay half of the income. There is also the burden of servitude. The uncertainty of the extent and duration of the changes in servitude had an immediate effect on the middle and lower rural households, but had little effect on the top rural households. In particular, the influence of water conservancy and war was obvious: on the one hand, the construction of water conservancy made the rural laboring people bear a certain burden of servitude, on the other hand, it laid the foundation for the increase of grain harvest and output; The cruelty of the war destroyed the material and financial resources and increased the living burden of rural farmers in Sichuan. Spending on clothing, food, housing, and farm tools is also a big expense for average rural farmers. The culture of the Song Dynasty flourished in the history of the Qing Dynasty. The culture and education of Sichuan villages in Song Dynasty is the soil that nurtures this historical phenomenon. On the other hand, due to the influence of history and culture and the relatively closed geographical environment, there are also orthodox religions and folklore in rural areas of Sichuan in Song Dynasty. The multifaith of witchcraft; Folk entertainment activities are also rich and colorful. In short, under relatively stable conditions, the spiritual life of rural farmers in Sichuan in Song Dynasty is also positive.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K244

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