《黄老帛书》与《淮南子》无为思想比较研究

发布时间：2018-02-27 18:21

本文关键词： 黄老帛书淮南子无为体道　出处：《河北师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《黄老帛书》与《淮南子》虽然分属不同的时代，但二者在无为思想上却存在着许多相同之处。首先，《黄老帛书》和《淮南子》的无为思想都源于《老子》中的无为思想。在理论上都主张依照“道”的原则来进行政治活动，“道”就是存在于自然界中的客观规律，君主为政要依道而行。其次，《黄老帛书》和《淮南子》都对老子的道论进行了相应的改造。在老子道论的基础上，《黄老帛书》强调“天道”的重要性，而《淮南子》中更加突出“体道”的重要性。再次，《黄老帛书》和《淮南子》在政治思想上的共同主张主要是要求统治者清静无为、重民爱民。落实到具体的政策上就是要求统治者要轻徭薄赋，要保证民众基本的生活需要,不要过多的干预人民的经济活动，特别是农业生产。《黄老帛书》和《淮南子》存在相同之处的同时，也存在着许多细微的差别。第一，《黄老帛书》和《淮南子》对“道”的理解有所不同。《黄老帛书》所谓的“道”主要指天道，和自然的关系更为密切；而《淮南子》所讲的“道”主要指治国之道，它与政治统治的关系更密切。相比之下，天道更接近于自然和哲学，而《淮南子》所讲的道则更接近于人类社会和政治统治。《黄老帛书》受“天”的影响的更大，而《淮南子》更多的将关注的目光集中在政治统治本身，通过总结历史兴亡来探索政治统治的规律。第二，《黄老帛书》和《淮南子》在无为的具体做法上也有不同的认识。《黄老帛书》更加强调尊重客观规律的重要性，具体的方式是利用刑名之术，君主通过刑名之术是社会成员各安其分，不得越界，以此来驾驭群臣，，维护统治；《淮南子》虽然也强调尊重客观规律，但是，更加注重主观与客观的统一，具体到政治上就是统治者在尊重客观规律的基础上，要积极作为，这样的作为不是肆意妄为，而是采取一切能够实现善治的措施。所以，《淮南子》的无为比起《黄老帛书》而言要更加强调人的积极作为。由于时代的不同，《黄老帛书》和《淮南子》的无为思想对汉初政治统治产生的影响也不尽相同。西汉初年，战乱初息、百废待兴，黄老之学倡导的清静无为的政治思想符合了汉初的政治社会现实。汉初的黄老思想家们将道法自然的思想运用于国家和社会治理，主张无为而治。这是符合社会发展需要的，也取得巨大的历史成就。在黄老之学清净无为的思想的指导下，汉初统治者乃至整个社会都非常推崇黄老之学。汉朝初期的统治者们吸取了秦朝短命而亡的深刻教训，采取轻徭薄赋、与民休息的政策，在短时间内恢复了社会生产，稳固了汉王朝的政治统治。时至汉武帝时，国力大增，汉武帝有相当的物质基础来施展自己的政治抱负。作为一位奋发有为的年轻帝王，《淮南子》所倡导的清静无为显然已经落伍了，甚至是汉武帝实行新政的思想障碍，引起了汉武帝的极大不满。加之淮南王刘安在权力欲望的驱使下最终于汉武帝决裂，最后因谋反罪而自杀。《淮南子》在政治上并没有得以实践，而仅仅只是淮南王与汉武帝争夺舆论和思想主导权的工具，随着淮南王的死去，这部书在西汉政治统治中的地位就更加单薄了。尽管如此，《淮南子》在西汉初期的黄老之学的众多著作中仍然占据着重要的地位，它是西汉初期系统论述黄老之学的绝唱。
[Abstract]:Although the "Huang Lao" and "Huainan Zi > belong to different times, but the two in the idea of doing nothing but there are many similarities.
First of all, Huang Lao thought Wuwei < > and < > Huainan are derived from Lao Tzu < > in the Wuwei thoughts. In theory advocated in accordance with the principle of "Tao" to carry out political activities, "objective law" is existing in the nature, the monarch as the politicians on the Tao.
Secondly, "Huang Lao" and "Huainan Zi > of Tao Lao Tzu was changed accordingly. Based on Lao Tzu theory of Tao," Huang Lao stressed the importance of "heaven" >, and < sub > Huainan highlights the importance of "Tao".
Again, "Huang Lao" and "Huainan Zi > common proposition in the political ideology of the main requirement is heavy. The people loving ruler of quietism, the implementation of specific policies is to ensure that the rulers should be reduced corvee and taxes, people's basic living needs, not too much intervention in people's economic activities, especially agricultural production.
"Huang Lao" and "Huainan Zi > in common at the same time, there are many subtle differences.
First, "Huang Lao" and "Huainan Zi" understanding of "Tao" is different. Huang Lao > so-called "Tao" mainly refers to the relationship between nature and more closely; and "Huainan Zi > said" Tao "mainly refers to statecraft, its relationship with political rule the more closely. In contrast, heaven is closer to nature and philosophy, and the" Huainan Zi > preaching is more close to the influence to the human society and political rule. Huang Lao "by" day "more and more" Huainan Zi "pay more attention in the political rule itself to explore the political rule of law, through summing up the historical Xing dead.
Second, "Huang Lao" and "Huainan Zi" is a different understanding. Huang Lao "in the practice of inaction more emphasis on the importance of respecting the objective law, the specific method is the use of forms of monarchy by Xingming operation is the security of its social members, out of bounds, in order to control the the ministers, maintain the rule; Huainan also stressed that although < sub > respect the objective laws, but pay more attention to the unity of subjective and objective, is specific to the political rulers in respect on the basis of objective laws, should take positive actions, such as not act recklessly, but take all measures to achieve good governance. Therefore, Huainan" sub > > < Wuwei to Huang Lao as active as more emphasis on people.
Because of the different times, "inaction thought of Huang Lao" and "Huainan Zi > influence on the politics of the early Han dynasty rule generation are not the same.
In the early Han Dynasty, the beginning of war, a thousand things wait to be done Huang Lao school, political thought advocated quietism with the early Han's political and social reality. In the early Han Dynasty thinkers will Huang Lao nature theory to governance, the state and society advocated inaction. This is consistent with the needs of social development, has made tremendous achievements in history in the Huang Lao ideology under the guidance of the thought, the rulers of the early Han Dynasty and the whole society are very respected Huang Lao school. The rulers of the early Han Dynasty learned a profound lesson, the Qin Dynasty from the rest of the people and take reduced corvee and taxes, policy, in a short period of time to restore the social production, the stability of Han Dynasty the political rule.
To the Han Dynasty, the national strength increases, the emperor has considerable material basis to realize their own political ambitions. As a young emperor of Huainan < sub > be enthusiastic and press on, advocated quietism clearly outdated, even the emperor of the implementation of the new ideological obstacles, caused great dissatisfaction with the Han Dynasty in Huainan. King Liu An in the final drive power of desire in Han Dynasty break, finally because of the crime of treason and Dutch act. Huainan > in politics and not to practice, but only the king of Huainan Yuhan emperor for public opinion and thought leadership tools, dies with the king of Huainan, the status of this book in the Western Han Dynasty in the political rule the more thin. Nevertheless, many works of Huainan < sub > Huang Lao school in the early Western Han Dynasty still occupy an important position, it is the early Western Han Dynasty systematically Huang Lao song.

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D092

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