北宋仁学思想研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 01:19

本文选题：仁　切入点：先秦　出处：《西北大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 宋代的学者说,孔子的最大贡献是拈出一个“仁”字,我们不会怀疑这样的判断。如果我们现在要评选中国古典思想的关键字,“仁”一样不会落选。于“仁”,我们历代的国人倾注了非同寻常的热情；而无“仁”时,我们将很可能会失去一个民族身份的确证。因此,阐释“仁”无疑就是在阐释我们这个民族精神核心的生成与演化史。本文所关注的重点在北宋时期的“仁说”,然从思想变迁的历史性与逻辑性上看,先秦时期的“仁”论则无疑需要作一溯源的工作。我们认为“仁”本义源起自殷周时期与“礼仪”相关的某些特定的行为方式,形成这种行为方式是人类进入文明社会的标志,同时也是社会治理与正常运作的必须原则。孔子发展了“仁”的思想,一方面将“一般人类的心理要素”的规定性安置在“仁”之内,另一方则将传统“仁”所具有的制度性属性继承下来。因而,“仁”成了“内得于心”的“德性”修养与外制于“礼”的规训体系。“仁、礼”作为矛盾统一体,在社会历史的变迁中,表现出“统一”的理想性与“矛盾”的现实性,前者演变为“心性”仁学的内圣之学,为思孟学派所阐释；后者则演变为“隆礼重法”的外王之学,为荀子之学所发扬。唐宋之际,中国社会发生的变化对学术思想形成了新的挑战：一方面是学术上,佛老本体思想、心性学说的成功阐扬与传播对此时儒学的发展形成了巨大挑战,儒学如何超越前者则成了时代的重要学术课题；另一方面,如何加强中央集权以安内又攘外则成了儒学重建过程中的政治课题,一方面夷夏、正统之辨,另一方面则加强塑造客观精神,以求得社会有效统合。因而,“一般人类的心理要素”作为“仁”的主要内涵逐渐让位于形而上的“仁”,从宋儒对“仁”的主要释义上看,“生”可以确立“仁”的实在性基础,因为“生”是任何事物存在的前提,无“生”则一切皆“无”；而“天理”之“仁”则可以造就宇宙、心性与道德之统合,实现社会整合之统一的精神力量。正是基于这样的学术与政治的需求,北宋时期涌现出了一批着重阐发“仁”学的学者,如范仲淹、胡瑗、李觏、王安石、周敦颐、张载、程颢与程颐等。研究他们对“仁”思想的阐发变迁,能让我们较为清楚地了解这些思想家们艰苦探索“致广大而尽精微”之学的心路历程。
[Abstract]:Scholars in the Song Dynasty said Confucius' greatest contribution was to come up with the word "benevolence", which we would not doubt.If we want to select the keyword of Chinese classical thought now, "benevolence" will not lose the election.In benevolence, our countrymen have poured out extraordinary enthusiasm, but without benevolence, we will probably lose the corroboration of a national identity.Therefore, the interpretation of benevolence is undoubtedly to explain the generation and evolution of our national spirit core.The focus of this paper is on the "benevolence theory" in the Northern Song Dynasty, but from the historical and logical point of view of the ideological changes, the "benevolence" theory of the pre-Qin period undoubtedly needs to be traced back to its source.We believe that the original meaning of "benevolence" originated from certain specific behavior patterns related to "etiquette" during the period of Yin and Zhou dynasties, and the formation of this behavior pattern is the symbol of human beings entering the civilized society, and it is also the necessary principle of social governance and normal operation.Confucius developed the thought of "benevolence". On the one hand, he placed the stipulation of "general human psychological elements" in "benevolence"; on the other hand, he inherited the institutional attribute of traditional "benevolence".Therefore, benevolence has become the discipline system of virtue and propriety.As a unity of contradiction, "benevolence and propriety" show the ideal of "unity" and the reality of "contradiction" in the changes of social history.The latter evolved into the "Longli Zongfa", developed by Xunzi.At the time of the Tang and Song dynasties, the changes in Chinese society posed a new challenge to the academic thought: on the one hand, the successful exposition and dissemination of the Noumenon of the Buddha and the Old Buddha and the theory of the mind formed a great challenge to the development of Confucianism at that time.How Confucianism transcends the former has become an important academic issue of the times; on the other hand, how to strengthen centralization and make peace with the outside has become a political issue in the process of Confucianism reconstruction.On the other hand, we should strengthen the objective spirit in order to achieve the effective integration of society.Therefore, as the main connotation of "benevolence", "the psychological elements of general human beings" gradually give way to the metaphysical "benevolence". From the view of the main interpretation of "benevolence" by Confucianism in Song Dynasty, "Sheng" can establish the real basis of "benevolence".Because "living" is the premise of existence of anything, without "living", everything is "nothing", and the "benevolence" of "God" can create the unity of universe, mind and morality, and realize the unity of spiritual power of social integration.Based on such academic and political needs, scholars such as Fan Zhongyan, Hu Yuan, Li Gou, Wang Anshi, Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi emerged in the Northern Song Dynasty who emphasized on the study of "benevolence", such as Fan Zhongyan, Hu Yuan, Li Gou, Wang Anshi, Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi.The study of their elucidation and evolution of the thought of "benevolence" can help us understand more clearly the mental course of these thinkers' painstaking exploration of the study of "to the masses and to the best".
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D092

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