十九世纪中后期欧洲民主政治的发展与第二国际的兴衰

发布时间：2018-04-03 14:18

本文选题：十九世纪　切入点：欧洲民主政治　出处：《华中师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：十九世纪中后期欧洲资本主义经济、政治都发展到了一个新的阶段。在经济上,欧洲正处于自由资本主义高涨并向垄断资本主义过渡的时期；在政治上,政党组织和各类其他利益集团组织兴起并得到发展、普选权进一步扩大、民主政治逐渐完善。与此同时,欧洲工人运动也随着资本主义的进一步发展而走出巴黎公社失败的阴影,再次高涨。为了方便广大工人的联系,恩格斯及各国工人运动领袖在与法国可能派作斗争的过程中,共同建立了第二国际。第二国际不同于旧有的第一国际的形式,第二国际即是一个各国社会主义政党联盟的国际纽带,也是一个各国社会主义工人政党交流意见、发表建议的公共场所。但第二国际几乎从成立之时就面临这样一个事实——在资本主义普选权进一步扩大、民主政治逐渐完善、工人生活和工作环境都有所改善的情况下,工人运动应该如何开展?继续采取暴力革命的形式还是采取和平的议会斗争的形式?抑或采取暴力革命和和平的议会斗争相结合的形式?特别是随着欧洲民主政治的进一步发展,议会制度的完善和普选权的更加扩大,在当时的欧洲甚至于第二国际组织内部都存在着大量的“议会迷”,对国际工运应该采取何种方式一直争论不休。这一争论到十九世纪后期越演越烈,最终在第一次世界大战的的影响下,第二国际燃尽了他最后一滴蜡油。关于第二国际缘何破产,国际上一直没有一个准确的定论。比较统一的是,学者们都只从第二国际内部：组织结构、代表人物的主要观点等来找原因。本文试图从第二国际外部入手,从当时第二国际发展所面临的背景——十九世纪欧洲民主政治发展入手来剖析二者之间的关系。本文采用的主要是文献研究方法,从阅读大量文献出发,发现第二国际与欧洲十九世纪民主政治之间的内在联系。第二国际的产生是以十九世纪欧洲民主政治发展为背景,同时,十九世纪欧洲民主政治的发展也造成了第二国际的最终解散。因此,第二国际的破产最终还是得归因为现实,归因为一种历史发展的必然。第二国际在需要他的时候产生了,最终也在他不再适应历史发展的过程中破产。
[Abstract]:The European capitalist economy and politics developed to a new stage in the mid-and late 19th century.Economically, Europe is in the midst of a period of upsurge in liberal capitalism and transition to monopolistic capitalism; in politics, political parties and other interest groups have emerged and developed, and universal suffrage has been further expanded.Democratic politics is gradually improving.At the same time, the European labor movement with the further development of capitalism and out of the Paris Commune's failure, rising again.In order to facilitate the contact of the workers, Engels and the leaders of the labor movement of various countries established the second International in the course of fighting against the French possible faction.The second International is different from the old first International, which is not only the international link of a socialist political party alliance, but also a public place in which the socialist workers' political parties of all countries exchange opinions and make suggestions.But since its founding, the second International has been confronted with the fact that, with the further expansion of universal suffrage under capitalism, the gradual improvement of democratic politics, and the improvement of workers' living and working environment, how should the workers' movement be carried out?Continue to take the form of violent revolution or peaceful parliamentary struggle?Or is it in the form of a violent revolution combined with a peaceful parliamentary struggle?In particular, with the further development of democratic politics in Europe, the perfection of the parliamentary system and the expansion of universal suffrage, there were a large number of "parliamentary fans" in Europe at that time and even within the second International Organization.There has been a constant debate over how the international labor movement should take.This argument grew stronger in the late nineteenth century, and finally, under the influence of the first World War, second International burned his last drop of wax.There has been no accurate conclusion on why the second International went bankrupt.More uniformly, scholars only look at the internal structure of the second International, the main points of view of the representative figures, and so on.This paper attempts to analyze the relationship between the two from the outside of the second International and from the background of the development of the second International at that time-the development of European democratic politics in the nineteenth century.This article mainly adopts the literature research method, from reading a large number of documents, discovers the internal relation between the second international and the European 19th century democratic politics.The emergence of the second international is based on the development of European democracy in the nineteenth century, and at the same time, the development of the European democracy in the nineteenth century also resulted in the final dissolution of the second international.Therefore, the bankruptcy of the second International is attributed to reality and an inevitable historical development.Second International came into being when he was needed, and finally went bankrupt when he was no longer adapted to history.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D091.4;D14

【引证文献】