梁启超国民运动思想研究

发布时间：2018-04-19 10:55

本文选题：梁启超 + 国民运动　；参考：《山东大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：“三千年未有之大变局”的近代中国,风雷激荡。面对东西方列强的铁蹄和国家的腐朽,中国先进知识分子开始探寻救国图强的道路。1895年中日甲午战争,中国战败,国家危亡在即,康有为在京发动“公车上书”,揭开了维新变法运动的帷幕。梁启超满腔热血追随其后,以一个青年爱国者的形象登上了政治舞台。从主张君主立宪到民主共和再到开明专制,最终维护共和,梁启超政治主张一生多变,但是其关怀民众的情怀未曾改变。伴随其政治主张的改变,梁启超对于国民的态度也发生了很大的改变,他一生中的国民思想大致包括民权民智思想、新民思想、国民请愿诉求、消极批判以及国民运动思想。欧战中德国的失败、对精英主义政治的反思、对代议政制的失望,促使梁启超放弃了依靠当权派进行政治革新,放弃了“贤人政治”,在民权民智精神、新民思想的基础上,提出了国民运动思想,并主导推动了国民外交运动、国民制宪运动和国民废兵运动,充分发挥多数民众乃至全民的力量。这些运动对于唤醒国民意识、提高国民政治素质、提升政治生活水平有这不可限量的作用。梁启超国民运动思想具有与以往国民思想不同的特征：指导思想从国家主义转变为自由民主为价值取向；为实行国民性改造而进行学会教育和言论宣传的受众对象主要是面对中上层官绅、士大夫阶层,国民运动思想则发生了改变,所面对的对象是全体国民；国民运动的目的在于形成法律,而且国民运动也要在法律的范围内,依法和平进行；通过公开宣传的方式,公开进行国民运动,并以此达到教育民众的目的；国民运动思想的教育效果比之前的思想更加影响深远而范围广泛,其在政治本身是可限量的,在国民教育上是无可限量的,培养和锻炼了国民的政治意识、宪法观念和民主思想；国民运动的目的不能止于琐碎和细枝末节的事情,都要是关乎全体的和普遍的公共利益的事项,以此得到大多数国民的理解和支持。梁启超国民运动思想对于当今的宪政建设具有借鉴意义。启示之一是宪政建设需要开启国民意识,让全民积极参与其中,以此更加提高全民参与政治的水平和宪政建设水平；启示之二是必须通过政治实践、国民运动来教育国民,才能激发国民管理政治的本能和热情,让每个人参与国民运动中锻炼学习,让个体与群体、个人与社会双向影响、双向互动,才能促进人和社会的共赢。启示之三是宪政建设环境中需要依法行事,理性维权,一切行动诉诸法律。
[Abstract]:In modern China, which has not changed in three thousand years, the wind and thunder are raging.In the face of the iron feet of the western and eastern powers and the decay of the country, China's advanced intellectuals began to explore the road to national salvation. In 1895, China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895 and the country was in imminent peril. Kang Youwei launched "Gongche Shangshu movement" in Beijing.Opened the reform of the movement of the curtain.Liang Qichao followed with enthusiasm and blood, and stepped onto the political stage as a young patriot.From advocating constitutional monarchy to democratic republicanism to enlightened autocracy, Liang Qichao's political opinion changed all his life, but his concern for the people remained unchanged.With the change of his political opinions, Liang Qichao's attitude towards the people has also changed greatly. His national thoughts in his life include the civil rights, the new people, the national petition, the negative criticism and the national movement.The failure of Germany in the European War, the reflection on elitist politics, and the disappointment of representative government prompted Liang Qichao to give up relying on the establishment for political reform and to give up the "politics of the wise", on the basis of the civil rights, the intellectual spirit of the people, and the new people's ideas.The national movement thought was put forward, and the national diplomatic movement, the national constitution-making movement and the national abolition movement were promoted to give full play to the power of the majority of the people and even the whole people.These movements play an inexhaustible role in arousing national consciousness, improving national political quality and improving political life.The thought of Liang Qichao's national movement is different from the national thought in the past: the guiding ideology has changed from nationalism to liberal democracy as the value orientation;In order to carry out the reform of national character, the audience who learned to educate and propagate was mainly facing the middle and upper class officials and gentry, the literati and officials stratum, the national movement thought had changed, and the object was the whole people;The purpose of the national movement is to form the law, and the national movement should be carried out peacefully according to law within the scope of the law;The educational effect of the thought of the national movement is more far-reaching and extensive than that of the previous thought. It is limitless in politics and unlimited in national education. It has cultivated and trained the political consciousness of the people.Constitutional ideas and democratic ideas; the purpose of the national movement cannot be limited to trivial and detailed matters, all of which concern matters of general and universal public interest, thus gaining the understanding and support of the majority of the people.Liang Qichao's national movement thought has the reference significance to the present constitutional government construction.One of the revelations is that the construction of constitutionalism needs to open the national consciousness and let the whole people actively participate in it, so as to improve the level of political participation and constitutional construction of the whole people, and the second is to educate the people through political practice and national movement.Only in order to stimulate the instinct and enthusiasm of national management politics, let everyone participate in the national sports exercise and study, let individuals and groups, individuals and society two-way influence, two-way interaction, can promote the win-win situation between people and society.The third revelation is that in the environment of constitutionalism construction, we should act according to law, protect our rights rationally, and resort to law for all actions.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D092

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