论密尔的个性自由

发布时间：2018-06-17 13:02

本文选题：密尔 + 个性　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：在西方自由主义思想的发展史上,密尔可以算得上是一个里程碑式的人物,他继承了古典自由主义的基本立场,始终把个人自由做为其自由主义思想的核心内容,对个人自由的维护是他自由主义的基础,他将古典自由主义的思想发展到了巅峰,堪称是古典自由主义的集大成者,在此基础上,他也是自由主义发展史上第一个在政治自由之外的角度来审视个人自由,关注社会集体对个人自由侵犯的思想家。密尔的时代,人们已经远离了追求政治自由的古典自由主义时期,开始转向反抗集体压迫,追求个人自由的时期。密尔看来,个性遭受的压迫和威胁并不仅仅来自于政府的专制和压迫,同时也来自于社会集体对于整齐统一的渴求和对于多元的抵制,个人的个性自由受到压制。密尔敏锐地认识到民主时代所带来的大众对于少数人的压迫,也就是所谓“多数人的暴虐”,多数的暴虐对个性的压抑比专制的统治更为可怖,而人们似乎意识不到这些侵害。他也意识到关注政治权利诉求的古典自由主义已经不能满足新的形势下个人对于个人自由的诉求与渴望,因此,密尔在继承古典自由主义政治思想的基础之上,提出了社会自由的观点。密尔是首次提出个人的社会自由政治思想的自由主义者,他从社会和个人的关系角度重新架构自由的基本理念,使自由主义思想的研究有了更广阔的视野。密尔阐述了社会自由,划分了社会干预和个人自由的界限,他主张社会的权力是有边界的,目的是为了保护个人自由使人的个性具有多样性,这弥补了自洛克以来古典自由主义只探讨政治自由的局陷,使得自由主义首次推向社会自由的阶段。密尔探讨个人与社会之间的张力,他主张应有宽容大度的公众舆论,允许不同观点的存在,主张放松对于异端的限制,并积极鼓励新的观点的提出。与此同时,密尔在继承边沁功利主义的基础上,对其思想有了进一步的发展和修正,在修正后的功利主义基础之上,他把功利主义和自由主义成功地融合在一起,不再把快乐视为唯一所追求的目标,而是把“幸福”的观念融合到其个人自由的思想之中,从功利的角度重新考察自由的观念,使自由思想有了更加现实的基础。密尔的自由主义思想对于近代以来个人自由的发展意义非凡,同时也对欧洲个性的解放有着强烈的理论指导意义。
[Abstract]:In the history of the development of western liberalism, Mill can be regarded as a milestone figure. He inherited the basic position of classical liberalism and always regarded individual freedom as the core content of his liberalism thought. The protection of individual freedom is the foundation of his liberalism. He developed the thought of classical liberalism to the peak, which is called the epitome of classical liberalism, and on this basis, He was also the first thinker in the history of liberalism to examine individual freedom from the perspective of political freedom and to pay attention to the social collective invasion of individual freedom. In Mill's time, people moved away from the period of classical liberalism in pursuit of political freedom, and began to turn to the period of resisting collective oppression and pursuing individual freedom. According to Mill, the oppression and threat to personality comes not only from the tyranny and oppression of government, but also from the collective desire for unity and resistance to pluralism, and the suppression of individual personality freedom. Mill is acutely aware of the popular oppression of the few brought about by the democratic era, the so-called "tyranny of the majority", which oppresses personality more horribly than autocratic rule, and people seem unaware of these abuses. He also realized that classical liberalism, which focused on political rights, could no longer satisfy the individual's demands and aspirations for personal freedom in the new situation. Therefore, Mill inherited the political thought of classical liberalism, Put forward the viewpoint of social freedom. Mill is the first libertarian who put forward the political thought of individual's social freedom. He reconstructs the basic idea of freedom from the angle of the relationship between society and individual, which makes the study of liberalism have a broader field of vision. Mill describes social freedom, divides social intervention from individual freedom, and argues that social powers have boundaries, in order to protect individual freedoms in order to give diversity to one's personality, This makes up for the fact that classical liberalism has only explored political freedom since Locke, which makes liberalism advance to the stage of social freedom for the first time. Mill discusses the tension between the individual and the society. He advocates that there should be tolerant public opinion, allow the existence of different views, that the restrictions on heresy should be relaxed, and actively encourage new ideas. At the same time, on the basis of inheriting Bentham's utilitarianism, Mill has further developed and revised his thought. On the basis of the revised utilitarianism, he has successfully merged utilitarianism with liberalism. Happiness is no longer regarded as the only goal pursued, but the concept of "happiness" is merged into his personal freedom, and the concept of freedom is re-examined from a utilitarian point of view, so that it has a more realistic foundation. Mill's liberalism thought is of great significance to the development of individual freedom since modern times, but also to the liberation of European personality.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

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