潘恩的法律思想探析

发布时间：2018-06-20 01:03

本文选题：托马斯·潘恩 + 《常识》　；参考：《西南政法大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：18世纪的最后30年爆发了两场举世瞩目的革命：北美独立战争和法国大革命，一位英国人托马斯·潘恩（Thomas Paine，1737—1809）在不同程度上都参与了这两场革命。潘恩因他的小册子《常识》对北美独立的巨大贡献而闻名于世，长期以来对潘恩的研究集中在他的政治思想方面，实际上潘恩在《常识》以及《人权论》中有大量的关于法律的论述，尤其是在《人权论》中潘恩较为系统地提出了他的宪法思想，他对法律的看法很多是在与他人论战或者对比具体法律制度时阐述的，他关注的内容主要是18世纪英法美三国的宪法或法律制度。本文着力结合时代背景，从法律史角度出发，选取潘恩的法律思想作为研究对象，采用文本分析的方法，通过对潘恩两本著作《常识》和《人权论》的研究，对潘恩法律思想的内容、特点、影响等进行探析。在对潘恩的著作以及相关通史资料进行系统分析的前提下，本文着力从以下几个部分展开论述：引言部分介绍了潘恩的历史地位和成就、相关领域研究现状、本文的研究方法和创新之处。论文正文的第一部分介绍了潘恩的生平情况，以及他的思想可能的来源。潘恩的一生活跃于英国、美国、法国三个国家，，他出身于英国的一个普通裁缝家庭，因在北美写下鼓舞北美独立的《常识》而名声大噪。法国大革命爆发后潘恩为回应柏克的《法国革命论》而写下《人权论》，并在法国当选为国民议会议员，参与起草1793年宪法。潘恩思想的来源很难捉摸，他没有受过系统的法学教育，他的著作中也很少提到其他思想家的名字，本文推测他的思想来源于牛顿的宇宙观、教友派理念、潘恩本人的出身和丰富的人生经历。第二部分介绍潘恩法律思想的具体内容，主要包括潘恩为北美独立作法理上的论证、潘恩的法律权利观以及潘恩的宪法观。首先，潘恩在《常识》中为北美独立作法理上的论证，北美独立的核心在于立法权的独立，一个社会以及它的人民应该拥有为自己立法的权利；其次，潘恩在《人权论》中驳斥了人民应当无条件遵循前代人法律的观点，再次强调人民有为自己立法的权利，并且论证人的法律权利的平等性；最后，潘恩着重论述了自己的宪法思想，他对宪法作出了定义并且对比了英美法三国的“宪法”，揭露英国“宪政”的不合理性。第三部分是潘恩法律思想的评析，主要包括潘恩法律思想的特点、影响和局限性。首先，潘恩法律思想的特点，可以概括为鲜明的民主性、法律的至上性、强烈的时代性和思想的通俗性；其次是潘恩法律思想的影响，主要是《常识》的法律思想对北美独立战争的影响，《人权论》宪法思想对美国、法国和英国的影响，以及潘恩宪法思想可能的现实意义；最后，潘恩法律思想的局限性，主要表现在潘恩没有解答“违法与守法的界限”以及对英国宪政的片面分析。
[Abstract]:The last 30 years of the 18th century saw two notable revolutions: the American Revolution of Independence and the French Revolution, in which Thomas Paine, an Englishman, 1737-1809, participated to varying degrees. Known for his great contribution to North American independence, Paine has long focused his research on his political ideas. In fact, Paine had a great deal of discourse on the law in Common sense and Human Rights, especially in Human Rights, in which Paine put forward his constitutional ideas more systematically. Many of his views on the law are discussed in the debate with others or in comparison with specific legal systems. His main concern is the constitutions or legal systems of Britain, France and the United States in the 18th century. Based on the background of the times and from the angle of legal history, this paper chooses Paine's legal thought as the object of study, and adopts the method of text analysis to study his two works, Common sense and Human Rights. The content, characteristics and influence of Paine's legal thought are analyzed. Based on the systematic analysis of Paine's works and related general history materials, this paper focuses on the following parts: the introduction introduces Paine's historical status and achievements, and the current research situation in related fields. The research method and innovation of this paper. The first part of the thesis introduces Paine's life and the possible source of his thoughts. Paine, whose life was active in England, the United States and France, came from an English tailor's family and became famous for writing common sense in North America that inspired North American independence. After the French Revolution Paine wrote the Human Rights Theory in response to Burke's the French Revolution and was elected a member of the National Assembly in France and participated in drafting the 1793 constitution. The source of Paine's ideas is hard to understand, he has no systematic legal education, and he rarely mentions the names of other thinkers in his works. Paine's own birth and rich life experience. The second part introduces the specific content of Paine's legal thought, including Paine's legal argument for North American independence, Paine's view of legal rights and Paine's constitutional view. First, Paine argues in Common sense for North American independence that the core of North American independence is the independence of the legislative power, and that a society and its people should have the right to legislate for themselves. In the Theory of Human Rights, Paine refutes the idea that the people should abide unconditionally by the laws of the previous generation, emphasizes once again the right of the people to legislate for themselves, and argues that the legal rights of the human being are equal; finally, Paine focuses on his constitutional thought. He defines the constitution and contrasts the constitutions of Britain and France, exposing the unreasonableness of British constitutionalism. The third part is the analysis of Paine's legal thought, including the characteristics, influence and limitation of Paine's legal thought. First of all, the characteristics of Paine's legal thought can be summarized as the distinct democracy, the supremacy of law, the strong character of the times and the popularity of thought, and secondly, the influence of Paine's legal thought. It is mainly about the influence of the legal thought of "Common sense" on the North American War of Independence, the influence of the constitutional thought on the United States, France and Britain, and the possible practical significance of Paine's constitutional thought. Finally, the limitation of Paine's legal thought. This is mainly reflected in Paine's failure to answer the boundary between breaking the law and abiding by the law and the one-sided analysis of British constitutionalism.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D091

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