奥唐奈民主转型思想研究

发布时间：2018-07-28 21:06

【摘要】：吉列尔莫·奥唐奈(Guillermo A.O’Donnell)是阿根廷裔美国著名政治学家,曾长期执教于美国圣母大学,担任海伦·凯洛格政府与国际关系研究教授,他的民主转型思想在西方独树一帜。奥唐奈的民主转型思想是在20世纪60年代阿根廷和巴西相继陷入军人政权和20世纪70年代兴起的民主化研究热潮的背景下产生和成熟的。本文首先梳理奥唐奈民主转型思想的几个发展阶段。第一阶段为威权政体研究,在1973出版的《现代化与官僚威权主义:南美政治研究》一书中,他首次提出了一个新的威权政体类型——官僚威权主义。1982年出版的《官僚威权主义:比较视野下1966—1973年的阿根廷》一书,他对阿根廷官僚威权政体的产生和崩溃作了详细阐述。第二阶段为民主转型过程研究。1986年他出版的《威权统治的转型:民主的前景》(四卷本),成为民主转型研究的经典之作。在该书中,奥唐奈与合作者认为民主转型是一个复杂多变的过程,并不会达到预先设定的目标,也就是说,民主转型充满着不确定性。第三阶段为民主转型质量研究,他发现很多发生民主转型的国家并没有建立完全成熟的民主体制,而是陷入了停滞或灰色阶段,由此提出了“委任制民主”和“横向责任制”的概念。在此基础上,他认为没有所谓的民主巩固,民主转型只有进行时而没有完成时。奥唐奈的民主转型思想的独特之处在于:第一,他修正了经济发展与民主存在的线性关系;第二:打破了民主巩固幻想,认为民主化没有终点;第三:他认为民主转型研究不应只停留于政体变迁层面,重构了民主化概念,认为民主化应着重于国家能力和法治建设,以及公民权利的拓展。奥唐奈的民主转型思想无疑对中国民主政治建设具有重要的借鉴意义。他的民主转型过程的不确定性观点可以使我们丢掉民主顺利转型的幻想;他对法治与公民权利的强调可以使我们不应把民主的标签贴在西式普选制和议会民主上,而应该着重于国家能力和法治建设,以及拓展公民权利。
[Abstract]:Guillermo A.O'Donnell, a famous Argentine American political scientist, taught at the University of Notre Dame for a long time and served as professor of research on Helen Kellogg's government and international relations. His ideas of democratic transformation are unique in the West. O'Donnell 's idea of democratic transformation came into being and matured in the 1960s when Argentina and Brazil fell into the background of the military regime and the democratic research upsurge that arose in the 1970s. This article first combs O'Donnell democratic transformation thought several development stages. The first stage is the study of authoritarianism, published in 1973 in Modernization and bureaucratic authoritarianism: a study of South American Politics. He first proposed a new type of authoritarianism, bureaucratic authoritarianism, published in 1982 in "bureaucratic authoritarianism: Argentina in a Comparative Perspective." He elaborated on the emergence and collapse of Argentina's bureaucratic authoritarianism. The second stage is the study of the process of democratic transformation. In 1986, he published the transition of autocracy: the Prospect of Democracy (four volumes), which became a classic work of the study of democratic transition. In the book, O'Donnell and his collaborators argue that democratic transition is a complex and volatile process that does not achieve predefined goals, meaning that democratic transition is fraught with uncertainty. The third stage is a study on the quality of democratic transition, and he found that many countries undergoing democratic transition did not establish fully fledged democratic institutions, but fell into a stagnant or grey phase. Therefore, the concepts of "appointed democracy" and "horizontal responsibility system" are put forward. On this basis, he believes that there is no so-called democratic consolidation, democratic transformation is only taking place and sometimes not completed. The unique features of O'Donnell 's thought of democratic transformation are as follows: first, he corrects the linear relationship between economic development and democratic existence; second, he breaks the illusion of democratic consolidation and thinks that democratization has no end; Third, he believes that the study of democratic transformation should not be confined to the level of regime change and reconstruct the concept of democratization, and that democratization should focus on the construction of national capacity and the rule of law, as well as the expansion of civil rights. O'Donnell 's idea of democratic transformation is undoubtedly of great significance to the construction of Chinese democratic politics. His uncertain view of the democratic transition process can make us lose the illusion of a smooth transition of democracy; his emphasis on the rule of law and civil rights can prevent us from labelling democracy on Western-style universal suffrage and parliamentary democracy. Instead, emphasis should be placed on building national capacity and the rule of law, as well as expanding civil rights.
【学位授予单位】：中共重庆市委党校
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D082

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