罗尔斯论正当与善

发布时间：2018-08-04 21:04

【摘要】：罗尔斯的正义理论是一种义务论理论,它与功利主义目的论的理论的不同之处就在于,对于正当和善的优先性关系上面,他认为“正当是优先于善”的,实际上,他的整个理论体系都是基于这个前提而形成的。正当对于善的优先性贯穿于罗尔斯的整个正义理论当中,虽然当中没有直接涉及到他们之间的关系问题,但是这个问题却是蕴含在对很多问题的讨论当中,所以,本文也主要是通过考察罗尔斯理论中关于正当与善的优先性问题来完成对他的正义理论的叙述。罗尔斯的正义原则主要的适用对象是社会的基本结构,他在正义理论里特别提到了对社会利益之公平分配的处理方式,体现了对最少受惠者的重视程度。他不满功利主义理论中将善优先置于正当之前的理念,最大限度的追求最大化的善必然会导致不公平的分配,这样一来,就会产生部分人的自由平等权利和利益被剥夺和损害的情况,因此,这种功利主义原则就不可能是正义的。罗尔斯重视自由权利的优先性,并坚持把人作为自在的目的而绝非一种追求善的手段来对待,他认为人本身就具有价值,他的正义理论是一种公平的正义理论。有人把罗尔斯的理论称作是“温和的义务论”,因为它在强调正当对善的优先性的同时,也并没有将正当和善完全分离开来,两个正义原则是在预先假设“原初状态”的理想环境之下,人们对某些基本善的欲求作为动机,而被选择出来并一致同意的,这不同于康德的那种道德法则纯粹来自于先验理性的理论建构方法,罗尔斯不赞成康德将正当与善相分离的处理方式,他的两个正义原则的形成是离不开生活经验的。罗尔斯的差别原则的作用就在于,坚持正当优先性之余也要注重结果的公平,也就是说,罗尔斯所提倡的自由是一种平等的自由。本文主要分为三个部分来讨论正当与善的优先性问题,首先阐述了罗尔斯正义理论形成的前提或者说是理论基础。正义理论是在批判和否定长久以来居于主导地位的功利主义的基础上形成的,主要是通过对个人原则直接扩大到社会原则、分配问题的漠视以及它是一种目的论这三个方面来进行批判的。康德的道德哲学首先是义务论范畴,这体现在他的“绝对命令”之中,并且他的义务论理论的建构方式和一些具体的道德观念在很大程度上影响着罗尔斯的正义理论。第二部分主要是具体讨论了罗尔斯正义理论中“正当”和“善”的概念、内容以及他们之间的关系。正当原则主要的适用对象是个体、社会基本结构、国际之间,我们主要研究社会基本结构的正当原则,也就是两个正义原则。对于善的观念的把握,罗尔斯主要通过两种善的理论来阐述的,一是用弱理论的善来解释社会基本善的含义,然后就是应用于个人生活计划的特殊的善,也就是善的强理论。然后,就是正当与善的关系问题。他们是既有区别,又在某种意义上是具有一致性的,罗尔斯强调正当优先兼顾结果,不能完全脱离实际经验来定义正当。第三部分是文章的最重要的部分,主要是从三个方面对“正当优先于善”进行论证,一个合理的正义理论必须要经过论证。首先是论证正义原则对善观念的优先性,正义原则的提出不以任何善观念为指导。再就是正义原则内部的词典式顺序,自由的优先性以及机会公平原则对于差别原则的优先性,自由的优先性保证人们享有基本的平等自由权利,机会公平原则保证人们享有公平的开放地位,差别原则是对最少受惠者利益的特别关注。最后一部分,就是结论部分。正当与善的关系对于罗尔斯的理论具有非常重要的意义,通过对这两者关系的把握从而形成了他的正义理论,正义原则以一种最高的标准规范着人们的行为和思想,公平的理念、平等的自由理念以及关注弱者利益等理念为人们构建一个秩序良好的正义社会提供了很大的指导作用。
[Abstract]:Rawls's theory of justice is a theory of the theory of obligation, which differs from the theory of utilitarianism. As to the priority relationship of good and good, he thinks that "justification is good for good". In fact, his whole theory system is based on this premise. In Rawls's whole theory of justice, although the relationship between them is not directly involved, this question is contained in the discussion of many problems. Therefore, this article is mainly to complete the narrative of his theory of justice by examining the problem of the priority of justice and good in Rawls's theory.
The main object of Rawls's principle of justice is the basic structure of the society. In the theory of justice, he specifically mentions the way to deal with the fair distribution of social interests and embodies the importance of the least beneficiaries. He is dissatisfied with the concept of good priority before the utilitarianism and maximizes the pursuit of maximization. Good will inevitably lead to unfair distribution, which will lead to the deprivation and damage of the rights and interests of some people. Therefore, this utilitarian principle can not be just. Rawls attaches importance to the priority of free rights and insists on taking people as a means of freedom, not a means to pursue good. He thinks that human beings are valuable, and his theory of justice is a fair theory of justice.
Rawls's theory is called a "mild obligation theory", because it has not completely separated the proper harmony while emphasizing the priority of good and good, and the two justice principle is under the ideal environment of pre hypothesis "original state", people are chosen for the desire for some basic good, and are chosen. It is agreed that the moral law, which is different from Kant, is purely derived from the theoretical construction of transcendental rationality. Rawls does not approve of Kant's separation between justification and goodness, and the formation of his two principles of justice is inseparable from the experience of life. The role of Rawls's difference principle is to adhere to the proper priority. Yu also must pay attention to the fairness of the results. That is to say, the freedom advocated by Rawls is an equal freedom.
This article is divided into three parts to discuss the priority of justification and good. First, the premise or theoretical basis of the formation of Rawls's justice theory is expounded. The theory of justice is formed on the basis of criticizing and negating the long dominated utilitarianism, and the main purpose is to expand directly to the society through the principle of individual to the society. The principle, the disregard of the issue of distribution and its criticism of the three aspects of the theory of teleology. Kant's moral philosophy is first in the category of the theory of obligation, which is embodied in his "absolute order", and the construction of his theory of obligation and some specific moral concepts affect Rawls's justice to a great extent. The second part mainly discusses the concept of "justification" and "good" in Rawls's justice theory, the content and the relationship between them. The main object of the proper principle is the individual, the basic structure of the society and the international, we mainly study the legitimate principles of the basic structure of society, that is, the two principles of justice. In the grasp of ideas, Rawls is mainly expounded through two kinds of good theories. The first is to explain the meaning of social basic goodness by the good of the weak theory, and then the special goodness which is applied to the personal life plan, that is, the strong theory of good. Then, it is the relationship between the right and the good. The third part is the most important part of the article. The third part is mainly the demonstration of "justifiable priority to good" from three aspects, and a reasonable theory of justice must be proved. The first is to demonstrate the principle of justice to the good idea. The proposition of the principle of justice is not guided by any good idea. It is the lexicographic order within the principle of justice, the priority of freedom and the priority of the principle of fair opportunity for the principle of difference. The priority of freedom guarantees that people enjoy the basic equal rights of equality and freedom, and the principle of opportunity and fairness ensures that people enjoy a fair and open land. The principle of difference is a special concern for the interests of the least beneficiaries. The last part is the conclusion.
The relationship between justice and good is of great significance to Rawls's theory. Through the grasp of the relationship between the two, his theory of justice is formed. The principle of justice is constructed with the highest standard to standardize people's behavior and thought, fair idea, equal freedom idea and attention to the interests of the weak. A well ordered and just society provides a great guidance.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D091

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