国民观：近代知识分子从臣民观到公民观的过渡

发布时间：2018-08-10 19:01

【摘要】： 在现代文明社会中,民族国家成员的人格形态通常是以公民的身份出现的。公民观念是近代西方社会在其漫长的历史发展过程中形成的政治意识观念。中国传统的法律规定和社会观念中并没有“公民”一词,深植于人们意识形态里的是臣民观念。经过近代以来中国知识分子的选择、诠释与扬弃,来自西方的公民观念被一次次地改造成为知识分子们救亡图存的工具,被赋予了不同于西方原本意义上的公民内涵。期间,来自西方的“公民”词,被近代中国知识分子们用国民、新民、人民等词汇称呼过。19世纪末的知识分子习惯用国民一词,而五四新文化运动时期则用公民一词,虽然在一般意义上二者是同义的,但实质上,它们却有着不同的特定内涵。本文时间跨度较大,涉及从鸦片战争一直到五四新文化运动近80年的历史,试图通过对近代中国知识分子从臣民观到国民观再到公民观的转变历程分析,探讨在知识分子引导下的近代中国人主体意识逐渐觉醒的过程,以及从臣民观向公民观的过渡过程中国民观所起到的作用。本文首先追溯了近代国民观的兴起过程。在内忧外患的近代社会背景下,存在两千年之久的作为历史文化传统的臣民观念开始瓦解。在传统天下观念逐渐式微的同时,主权意识在近代知识分子们的思想中日渐明晰起来,并引发了近代中国民族国家观念的产生。虽然以梁启超为代表的改良派知识分子和以孙中山为首的革命派在中国未来社会的国家构想上有着不一样的憧憬,但他们都深受社会达尔文主义的影响,都认为救国需要新国民,都对国民的“奴隶性”进行了猛烈的批判,都将权利、义务、独立、自由、尚武、公德、自治等近代思想要素注入到自己理想中的未来国民内涵之中,并且都积极从事于各种启蒙或革命活动以推动理想中的国家思想、国民观念早日成为现实。本文接着探讨了近代国民观的渊源、特征和影响。“国民”一词是清末知识分子根据日文翻译过来的,其内涵深深地带着近代德国学派思想的痕迹。近代中国知识分子们的国民观念有机地融合了中国传统思想、不同时期的西方近代思想和日本近代思想,注重民族主义和国家主义,并具有浓厚的道德主义和精英主义倾向。国民观念对清末时局的发展产生了重大的影响,并促进了近代中国人主体意识的初步觉醒。最后,本文论述了近代国民观在中国思想史中的地位。民初宪政试验的失败促使中国先进的知识分子开始对国民观进行反思。通过反思,他们认识到清末梁启超等人对国民劣根性的批判只涉及到爱国主义和国家主义的层面,而未能对儒家传统伦理价值观的核心,即“三纲五常”和家族主义思想进行批判,而这正是国民观念对民初的乱局束手无策的根本原因。在对国民观的反思和对臣民观的更深入批判中,新文化派知识分子萌生了对以个人为本位的公民观的向往。国民观在中国近代思想史中的地位也由此而奠定：国民观念正是近代知识分子从臣民观念到公民观念的过渡。
[Abstract]:In modern civilized society, the personality of the members of a nation-state usually appears as a citizen. The concept of citizenship is a political ideology formed in the long historical development of modern western society. After the choice, interpretation and abandonment of Chinese intellectuals in modern times, the concept of citizenship from the West has been transformed into a tool for intellectuals to save the nation from subjugation and survive, and has been endowed with different connotations from the original meaning of the West. During this period, the word "citizen" from the West was used by modern Chinese intellectuals. Intellectuals at the end of the 19th century used the word "national" and the word "citizen" was used during the May 4th New Culture Movement. Although they are synonymous in general sense, they have different specific connotations in essence.
This article has a long time span, involving the history from the Opium War to the May 4th New Culture Movement in the past 80 years. Through the analysis of the course of the change of the modern Chinese intellectuals from the subject-people view to the national view and then to the citizen view, the article explores the process of the gradual awakening of the modern Chinese subject consciousness under the guidance of the intellectuals and the trend of the subject-people view. The transition of citizenship is the function of Chinese people's view.
This paper first traces back to the rise of modern national outlook.Under the background of modern society with internal and external troubles,the concept of subjects which had existed for two thousand years as a historical and cultural tradition began to collapse.While the traditional concept of the world gradually declined,the consciousness of sovereignty became increasingly clear in the thoughts of modern intellectuals and triggered the modern times. Although the reformist intellectuals represented by Liang Qichao and the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen have different expectations on the state conception of China's future society, they are deeply influenced by social Darwinism. They all believe that saving the country needs new nationals, and they have carried out the "slavery" of the nationals. The fierce criticism injected the modern ideological elements such as rights, obligations, independence, freedom, military worship, public morality and autonomy into the future national connotation of their own ideals, and actively engaged in various enlightenment or revolutionary activities to promote the ideals of the state.
The article then discusses the origin, characteristics and influence of the modern national outlook.The term "national" was translated by the intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty according to Japanese, and its connotation bears deep traces of the modern German School of thought. And modern Japanese thought, paying attention to nationalism and nationalism, and with a strong tendency of moralism and elitism. The national concept had a significant impact on the development of the late Qing Dynasty, and promoted the early awakening of the modern Chinese subjective consciousness.
The failure of the constitutional experiment in the early Republic of China prompted the Chinese advanced intellectuals to begin to reflect on the concept of the nation. Through reflection, they realized that Liang Qichao's criticism of the inferiority of the people in the late Qing Dynasty only touched on the level of patriotism and nationalism, but failed to reflect on Confucianism. The core of traditional family ethical values, namely, the criticism of "Three Principles and Five Constant Principles" and clansalism, is the fundamental reason why the national concept was unable to cope with the chaos in the early Republic of China. The position of the concept of the people in the history of modern Chinese thought was thus established: the concept of the people was the transition of modern intellectuals from the concept of subjects to the concept of citizens.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D092

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