共同体思想视域下的中国现代政治价值选择

发布时间：2018-09-01 05:46

【摘要】：政治价值是不同政治利益的反映，政治价值具有历史性、情境性、地域性、抽象性等特征。不同的时空背景、历史文化传统、社会情景就会生发出不同的政治价值，但是在全球化、信息化的大背景下，以往彼此隔离相互影响甚微的共同体之间开始呈现出价值相互影响，甚至趋同等特点。政治价值必然适应于变动的社会现实，而且体现出一定的理论超前性。具体落实于中国层面，近代以来的中国人孜孜以求中国的现代化，政治现代化是中国现代化中不可或缺的重要组成部分，政治的现代化不但体现在制度设计、运行之上，更重要的是必须具备一套具有现代气息的政治价值。在经济危机背景下，人们不但不反思自由主义理念；当中国正在进行现代化过程时，发达国家则开始反思现代化本身；曾经统治中国几千年的儒家理念是否具有生命力，中国的前进是否必然以儒家理念的彻底摒弃为代价等都彰显出研究中国现代政治价值的巨大意义。价值的抽象性使得价值的解读具有很强的主观性，以共同体为立足点解读政治价值给我们提供了一个全新的视角，一方面是由于共同体主义作为一个流派产生较晚，它提供的视角具有一定的新颖性，另一方面，以共同体的视角研讨政治价值，使论述中国现代政治价值的备选资源时，可以避免要么自由主义视角，要么传统儒家文化视角的二分法，而且共同体思想能够很好的把西方共同体思想、儒家思想、马克思主义衔接起来。从中国社会所处大转型的现实出发，以共同体思想为主线贯穿文章始终，最后研判出中国现代政治价值的选择项，如此也就构成了文章的基本框架，具体如下：导论部分主要阐述了研究中国现代政治价值的社会背景和社会意义，探究了问题提出的成因、以何种价值为本、备选的价值集等等，评析了关于共同体主义和儒家共同体主义、价值观的学术研究概况，界定了相关概念，介绍了研究的目的、创新点及不足之处。第一章主要探讨中国社会大转型所处的背景状况。综合起来看，当前中国所面对的背景主要包括以下几个方面：市场经济体系的建立、悠久的历史传统、先进——落后的国际环境、强国家——弱社会的国内环境、社会主义政治制度、重建社会伦理规范的紧迫性。此六个方面综合作用于中国的现实社会，制约着中国的政治现代化进程。此六个方面的因素为中国的现代政治价值选择提供了动力源和备选价值集，是选择现代政治价值的前提条件。第二章具体探究西方共同体主义。文章从共同体主义和自由主义比较的视角对共同体主义进行了解读，可把它们的争论细化为三大部分：个人本位与共同体本位、正义优先于善与善优先于正义、国家中立与国家积极有为。通过回顾共同体主义的发展脉络，，可以发现古希腊的城邦制、民主制和古罗马的共和制等等都是现代共同体主义的思想根源。共同体主义虽然产生较晚，但也有着深厚的历史根基，它的价值并非简单体现于作为自由主义的批评者，相反，共同体主义与自由主义共同构成了西方的文化传统，是自由主义的补充。第三章研究了儒家思想。由于中国古代社会政治与伦理不分，因而，政治思想与哲学思想交揉在一起。文章认为在解读儒家时，必须区分制度儒家和思想儒家，本篇文章则侧重于思想儒家。由于儒家思想历史久远，本章根据儒家思想在中国历史上不同时期的样态而把它简单划分为元典时期（主要指先秦）、发展中时期（汉至明）、明末时期。通过分析儒家政治思想立基于其上的宗法制、儒家政治思想的德性特征、自由主义与儒家政治思想、共同体主义与儒家政治思想，可以发现儒家政治思想中蕴含着超越时代的积极因子，这些因子并未随着时代的发展而落后，具体体现于重德治、重和谐关系、重个人道德修养等方面。但是，儒家政治思想面临着与现代政治思想融合的难题，这是在挖掘儒家政治思想积极因素时不可忽略的一点。第四章重点分析了马克思共同体主义。马克思共同体主义立足于马克思主义的“人”观，综合分析可以发现，马克思主义者提出了三种共同体：自然共同体、虚幻共同体、真实共同体，其中，真实共同体是马克思主义的理想社会样态。马克思共同体主义思想中表达出了鲜明的国家思想、正义思想和自由思想，这些思想是马克思主义的重要组成部分，也是中国现代政治价值所可汲取的思想之源。第五章立足于前四章分析的基础上，首先探究了中国社会价值的现状，表现为核心价值观的迷失，作为社会价值之一部分的核心政治价值也存在着弱化的现象。因此，中国社会面临着现代政治价值选择的迫切要求。从中国所处背景和共同体思想出发，中国现代政治价值的选择项应该包括以下几种价值：共同体、正义、权利、权力、公益、平等。此外，此六大价值也应该是构建中国政治价值体系的核心要素。结论部分对全文进行了回顾，明晰了中国现代政治价值的选择必须与社会主义核心价值体系的建设结合起来，并以社会主义核心价值体系为指导推进中国的现代政治价值体系的建设。虽然共同体思想给我们提供了一个看问题的全新视角，但在研究过程中则面临着价值观复杂多样，共同体主义、儒家共同体主义、马克思共同体主义时空差异，中国国情复杂多样等困境，这些都构成了削弱研究成果的潜在因素。
[Abstract]:Political value is the reflection of different political interests. Political value has the characteristics of historicity, situational, regional and abstract. Different time and space backgrounds, historical and cultural traditions, social situations will produce different political values, but in the context of globalization and informationization, in the past, isolated communities have little influence on each other. Political values are bound to adapt to the changing social realities and reflect a certain degree of theoretical advance. Political modernization is not only reflected in the design and operation of the system, but more importantly, it must have a set of political values with modern flavor.
In the context of the economic crisis, people do not reflect on the liberal concept; while China is in the process of modernization, the developed countries began to reflect on the modernization itself; whether the Confucian concept that once ruled China for thousands of years has vitality, whether China's progress is bound to be at the cost of the complete abandonment of Confucian ideas, and so on are highlighted. The abstraction of value makes the interpretation of value highly subjective. The interpretation of political value from the perspective of community provides us with a new perspective. On the one hand, the emergence of communism as a school is relatively late, and the perspective it provides is somewhat novel. On the other hand, when discussing political value from the perspective of community, we can avoid the dichotomy of either liberal perspective or traditional Confucian cultural perspective when discussing the alternative resources of Chinese modern political value, and the idea of community can well link up the western community, Confucianism and Marxism.
Starting from the reality of the great transformation of Chinese society, this paper takes the idea of community as the main thread throughout the article. Finally, it studies and judges the options of Chinese modern political value, thus constituting the basic framework of the article, as follows:
The introduction mainly expounds the social background and social significance of the study of Chinese modern political value, explores the causes of the problem, what kind of value-based, alternative value sets and so on, evaluates the general situation of academic research on communism, Confucian communitarianism and values, defines relevant concepts, and introduces the purpose of the study. Innovations and shortcomings.
The first chapter mainly discusses the background of China's social transformation. In a word, the background China is facing includes the following aspects: the establishment of the market economic system, the long historical tradition, the advanced and backward international environment, the domestic environment of the powerful country and the weak society, the socialist political system, and the reconstruction. These six factors provide the motive force and alternative value set for the choice of modern political value in China, and are the prerequisite for the choice of modern political value.
Chapter Two explores the Western Communitarianism in detail. This paper interprets communitarianism from the perspective of the comparison between communitarianism and liberalism, and divides their arguments into three parts: the individual-based and the community-based, justice takes precedence over good and good over justice, state neutrality and state activeness. The development of corporatism can be found that ancient Greek polis, democracy and Roman Republic are the ideological roots of modern communism. Although it came into being relatively late, it has a deep historical foundation. Its value is not simply reflected in being a critic of liberalism, on the contrary, communism and Roman republicanism are the ideological roots of modern communism. Liberalism constitutes a cultural tradition of the West and is a complement to liberalism.
The third chapter studies Confucianism.Because of the inseparability of politics and ethics in ancient China,political thought and philosophical thought are intertwined.The article holds that when interpreting Confucianism,it is necessary to distinguish institutional Confucianism from ideological Confucianism.This article focuses on Ideological Confucianism.Because Confucianism has a long history,this chapter is based on Confucianism in China. It can be simply divided into the Yuan Dynasty (mainly pre-Qin Dynasty), the developing period (Han to Ming Dynasty), and the late Ming Dynasty. Confucian political thought contains positive factors that transcend the times. These factors do not lag behind with the development of the times. They are embodied in the emphasis on the rule of virtue, harmonious relations and personal moral cultivation. Not to be overlooked.
The fourth chapter focuses on the analysis of Marx's communitarianism.Marx's communitarianism is based on the Marxist "human" concept.A comprehensive analysis shows that Marxists put forward three kinds of communities:natural community,illusory community and real community.Among them,real community is the ideal social state of Marxism. The thought of communitarianism expresses distinct national thought, just thought and free thought. These thoughts are an important part of Marxism and also the ideological source of modern Chinese political value.
Based on the analysis of the first four chapters, the fifth chapter firstly explores the present situation of Chinese social value, which is manifested by the loss of core values and the weakening of core political values as a part of social values. In addition, these six values should also be the core elements of constructing China's political value system.
The conclusion makes clear that the choice of Chinese modern political value must be combined with the construction of socialist core value system, and promotes the construction of Chinese modern political value system under the guidance of socialist core value system. However, in the process of research, we are confronted with such dilemmas as complex and diverse values, communitarianism, Confucian communitarianism, space-time differences of Marxist communitarianism, complexity and diversity of China's national conditions, which constitute the potential factors to weaken the research results.
【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09

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