自由与分权制衡——从洛克到孟德斯鸠

发布时间：2019-03-20 10:41

【摘要】：洛克的分权理论是从他的社会契约论出发,通过立法权与行政权之间的相互钳制,防止出自人民委托的政治权力被滥用。在洛克那里,最高权力属于人民,他为人民保留了推翻政府的权力。然而,政府解体的危险,对孟德斯鸠来说,是不可接受的,因为在他看来,自由既不等同于自由意志或者权力,也不等同于独立,自由是对法律的服从,失去政府并不意味着恢复自由,而是意味着失去自由。换言之,孟德斯鸠既希望限制绝对王权的发展,又想消除无政府状态的危险。他在洛克对政治权力进行区分的基础上,完善了分权制衡的理论。他一方面细致地分析了英国式的分权理念,指出了追求极端自由所付出的代价和存在的隐患;另一方面通过对法国封建制度的研究,梳理出了另一种权力分配的模式,后者是封建制度和主权国家发展进程中的一种形态,它仍然保持着君主的完整主权,但是王权必须尊重传统和习俗,并通过中间权力行使司法权来捍卫基本法。这两种权力分配模式是18世纪欧洲君主国面前可供选择的两条道路,无论孰是孰非,孟德斯鸠都抱以非常谨慎的态度。
[Abstract]:Locke's theory of separation of powers starts from his theory of social contract and prevents the abuse of political power entrusted by the people through the interrestriction between the legislative power and the executive power. At Locke, the supreme power belonged to the people, for whom he reserved the power to overthrow the government. However, the danger of the disintegration of government was unacceptable to Montesquieu, for freedom, in his view, was neither equal to free will or power, nor independence, and freedom was obedience to the law. The loss of government does not mean the restoration of freedom, but the loss of freedom. In other words, Montesquieu wanted to limit absolute Wang Quan's development and eliminate the danger of anarchy. On the basis of Locke's distinction of political power, he perfected the theory of separation of powers and checks and balances. On the one hand, he carefully analyzed the concept of separation of powers in the British style, and pointed out the costs and hidden dangers in the pursuit of extreme freedom; On the other hand, through the study of the French feudal system, it combs out another pattern of power distribution. The latter is a form in the development process of feudal system and sovereign state, and it still maintains the complete sovereignty of the monarch. But Wang Quan must respect traditions and customs and defend the basic Law by exercising judicial power through intermediate power. These two patterns of power distribution are two paths of choice for European monarchs in the 18th century, with Montesquieu taking a very cautious attitude, whether it be right or wrong.
【作者单位】：北京大学政府管理学院;
【分类号】：D091.4

【共引文献】