罗尔斯分配正义理论及其对我国分配领域改革的启示

发布时间：2019-03-21 10:54

【摘要】：罗尔斯是西方政治自由主义的著名代表人物,他一生致力于正义事业的研究,分配正义理论是其正义理论中一个重要的分支。学界公认研究正义问题应始于罗尔斯,罗尔斯发表了《分配正义》(1967)、《分配正义:一些补充》(1968)等两篇文章,这两篇文章均围绕分配正义系统的阐释了他对现代意义上的分配正义理论的理解。论文发表后引发公众热议,不同学者纷纷著书立说对其进行不同程度的探讨。罗尔斯分配正义理论属于政治哲学的范畴,关乎平等人最广泛的自由,倡导机会平等和差别原则,最重要的是罗尔斯重视最少受惠者的权益,对财富经过初次分配后最少受惠者是否拥有更好的生活前景颇为关心。罗尔斯认为应该在宪法的保障下设计一整套正义的制度体系,主张政府发挥积极作用对财富进行平等的分配。正义的两个原则贯穿罗尔斯分配正义理论始终,涉及权利和义务、收入和财富等的分配问题。罗尔斯特别提到了正义的存储原则,本文将存储原则列为分配正义二原则的附加原则,从长远利益来看,当代人必须考虑下一代人的分配正义问题。同时,罗尔斯将道德因素考虑其中,他承认人与人之间的不平等可以是正义的,但前提是这种不平等针对社会体系中的每个人特别是最少受惠者有利。中国进入全面建成小康社会的攻坚克难时期,贫富差距扩大的问题处置不好必然会激化社会矛盾,影响社会稳定。十三五规划期间,我国领导人更加重视解决此问题,政府、市场、社会等三个主体是分配领域改革的重要力量。社会公平正义是中西方共同的价值追求,财富经公平合理分配后国民可以实现共同富裕,解决好分配正义问题将有效推动我国全面建成小康社会进程。本文一共分为四个部分:第一部分是文章导论,简要介绍罗尔斯分配正义理论的背景及意义,同时说明国内外研究情况及使用的研究方法;第二部分追根溯源,回顾罗尔斯分配正义理论的渊源以及发展现状,包括该理论的基本内容即财富的分配对社会不同阶层中的人将会产生的影响,还有罗尔斯分配正义理论的分配原则和核心等;第三部分探讨罗尔斯分配正义理论的价值与局限性,主要从社会制度和最少受惠者角度论证其分配正义的合理性,其局限性表现在忽视了政府之外的力量并打击富人竞争的积极性等;第四部分从中国的实际出发,在探讨罗尔斯分配正义理论的基础上,结合当前我国实际情况,分析对我国分配领域的改革产生的启示。通过发挥政府主导作用、积极实行供给侧结构性改革、重视社会组织的力量等路径,构建我国分配领域公平正义的美好蓝图,改革开放的发展成果得以共享,公民实现真正意义上的获得感,将改革成果惠及全体社会成员的目标落到实处。
[Abstract]:Rawls is a famous representative of western political liberalism. He devoted his life to the study of the cause of justice, and the theory of distributive justice is an important branch of his theory of justice. It is generally accepted that the study of justice begins with Rawls. Rawls published distributive justice (1967), distributive justice: some supplements (1968), and so on. Both of these two articles focus on the interpretation of distributive justice system and his understanding of the theory of distributive justice in the modern sense. After the publication of the paper caused public debate, different scholars have written books to discuss it in varying degrees. Rawls' theory of distributive justice, which belongs to the category of political philosophy, relates to the broadest freedom of the equal person, advocates the principle of equality of opportunity and distinction, and, most importantly, attaches importance to the rights and interests of the least benefited. There are concerns about whether the least beneficiaries of wealth have better prospects for life after the initial distribution of wealth. Rawls thought that a set of just system should be designed under the guarantee of constitution, and the government should play an active role in the equal distribution of wealth. The two principles of justice run through Rawls' theory of distributive justice, which involves the distribution of rights and obligations, income and wealth. Rawls specifically refers to the storage principle of justice. In this paper, the storage principle is listed as an additional principle of the two principles of distributive justice. In the long-term interests, contemporary people must consider the problem of distributive justice of the next generation. At the same time, Rawls takes moral considerations into account, admitting that inequality between people can be just, but only if it is beneficial to everyone in the social system, especially the least beneficiary. When China enters the difficult period of building a well-off society in an all-round way, the problem of widening the gap between the rich and the poor will inevitably aggravate the social contradictions and affect the social stability. During the 13th five-year Plan, China's leaders pay more attention to solving this problem. The government, the market and the society are the important forces in the reform of the distribution field. Social justice is the common value pursuit of China and the West. After fair and reasonable distribution of wealth, people can achieve common prosperity. Solving the problem of distribution justice will effectively promote the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China. This paper is divided into four parts: the first part is the introduction to the article, which briefly introduces the background and significance of Rawls' theory of distributive justice, at the same time explains the domestic and foreign research situation and the use of research methods; The second part goes back to the origin and development of Rawls' theory of distributive justice, including the basic content of the theory, that is, the influence of wealth distribution on people in different social strata. There are also the distribution principles and core of Rawls' theory of distributive justice; The third part discusses the value and limitation of Rawls' theory of distributive justice, mainly from the point of view of social system and the least beneficiary to prove the rationality of its distributive justice. Its limitation lies in neglecting the forces outside the government and cracking down on the enthusiasm of the rich to compete and so on. The fourth part starts from the reality of China, on the basis of discussing Rawls' theory of distributive justice, and combining with the present situation of our country, analyzes the enlightenment to the reform of the field of distribution in our country. By giving full play to the leading role of the government, actively implementing the supply-side structural reform, and attaching importance to the strength of social organizations, we will build a beautiful blueprint for fairness and justice in the field of distribution in China, and share the development achievements of reform and opening up. Citizens realize a real sense of fulfillment and realize the goal of benefiting all members of society.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D091

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