战国至西汉借贷活动试探

发布时间：2018-01-23 01:22

本文关键词： 战国西汉借贷债务融资　出处：《南京师范大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：借贷活动作为一种重要的社会经济活动,对人们的日常生活具有重要影响。战国至西汉时期是中国历史上小农经济逐步稳定和商品经济初步兴盛的时期,借贷活动在此期间获得迅速而普遍的发展。但是长期以来由于史料缺乏和思维的局限,学界对战国至西汉借贷活动的研究存在着许多遗漏和分歧。基于此,笔者在查阅大量秦汉简牍材料和文献史料的基础上,认为有必要对战国至西汉时期的借贷活动做一次整体和系统性的研究。本文内容共分四章,主要就战国至西汉时期的借贷活动的发展概况、发展原因、债务处理、产生影响四个方面展开具体的论述。具体章节如下：第一章战国至西汉借贷活动的发展概况。本章主要就官府和民间借贷活动的发展和特点进行了梳理和概括。其中官府借贷经历了从春秋贵族“施与性”赈济到战国以后“有偿性”赈济的发展历程,其历史特点主要表现为：实物形式的借贷占主流；带有明显的政治考量。其中民间借贷在当时主要包括高利贷、商业贳贷、质押借贷等几种形态,其历史特点主要表现为：以货币为媒介的借贷普遍；商业贳贷频繁；借贷业主经历了由春秋战国时贵族为主,到西汉初期富商大贾为主,最后到西汉后期官商一体化为主的历史变迁。第二章战国至西汉借贷活动发展的原因。本章主要从历史背景、社会根源、外在推动力三个方面展开论述。首先,春秋战国时期的社会结构变迁造就了大批脱离血缘宗族的小农,这是借贷发展的历史背景；其次,由于农业生产本身的周期性和低效率,外加自然灾害、赋税徭役等外在压力导致了战国秦汉新生的小农经济具有明显的脆弱性,小农往往需要外在借贷资金的周转才能维持生存,这是借贷活动发展的社会根源；最后,战国至西汉时期商品经济发展与兴盛,导致大量商业资本向借贷资本的转移,满足了小农们的借贷融资需求,活跃了民间借贷市场,这是借贷活动发展的外在推动力。第三章战国至西汉时期借贷债务问题的处理。借贷活动的活跃必然引发大量借贷债务问题。首先,官府债务问题的处理,主要包括：追讨、赦免、惩罚。其中官府债务问题的追讨在秦汉时期主要由郡县管理财务的“少府”或“小府”进行；赦免主要是在特大灾荒或皇室喜庆时期由皇帝通过诏令进行；惩罚主要是对欠债不偿者处以“居赀赎责(债)”的劳役刑。其次,民间债务问题的处理,主要包括：订立债务契约、进行债务担保、债务追讨。其中债务追讨较为复杂,需要遵循当时较为严格的“律令”程序。第四章借贷对战国至西汉时期社会的影响。官府借贷虽然在灾荒时期暂时缓解了小农的融资困境,但是其在贷放的时间、方式、普及等方面具有明显的制度性的缺陷。这就促使小农们在日常生活中不得不依赖于民间借贷。使得民间借贷在缓解小农融资困境方面意义重大。然而,由于小农经济的脆弱性,借贷市场上往往是供不应求的局面。濒临破产的小农们往往被迫进行抵押借贷或者举借高利贷。这给当时的社会带了严重的消极影响,直接加剧了秦汉时期的土地兼并、奴婢和社会流民问题。
[Abstract]:Lending activities as an important social and economic activities, has an important influence on people's daily life. During the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty is the history of Chinese peasant economy gradually stabilized and commodity economy of prosperous period, during the lending activities obtained rapid and widespread development. But for a long time because of the lack of historical data and the limitations of thinking, study during the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty lending activities there are many omissions and differences. Based on this, the author on the basis of consulting a large number of bamboo slips of Qin and Han Dynasty material and literature history, think it is necessary to an overall and systematic study of the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty's lending activities. This thesis is divided into four chapters, mainly on the development of during the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty, the development of lending activities, debt treatment, influence the detailed discussion of four aspects of specific sections as follows:
The development of the first chapter from Warring States to Western Han Dynasty credit. This chapter is the development and characteristics of official and folk lending activities carried out and summarized. The government borrowing experience from the "after" Shi and nobles in the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period paid "relief" relief and development process, its historical features was real the form of loans accounted for the mainstream; with obvious political considerations. The private lending at the time mainly include usury, commercial lending, loan, pledge of several forms, the historical characteristics of the main performance is: through the medium of money lending business loans, common; frequent; borrowing experience from the owners of the Warring States to the nobility, the early Western Han Dynasty historical changes to exceedingly wealthy men, the integration between the late Western Han Dynasty mainly.
The second chapter the development of Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty credit. This chapter mainly from the historical background, social origin, discusses the three aspects of the external driving force. Firstly, the change of social structure in the spring and Autumn period created a large number of kindred from peasant, it is borrowing history background; secondly, due to the periodicity and low efficiency the agricultural production, and natural disasters, tax and the external pressure leads to the Warring States new peasant economy is very fragile, farmers often need external borrowing capital turnover in order to survive, this is the root of the development of social lending activities; finally, the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty, the commodity economy development and prosperity, resulting in a large number of business capital to transfer the loan capital, to meet the financing needs of small farmers loans, active private lending market, which is the development of foreign lending activities in the driving force.
Third chapter the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty debt problems. Borrowing lending activities will inevitably lead to a large number of active lending and debt problems. First, government debt problems, mainly including: recover, pardon, punishment. Government debt problems which require in the Qin and Han Dynasties mainly by the county county financial management "government" or "small house" to forgive is mainly in the serious famine; or royal festive period by the emperor by edict; punishment is not to impose "debt repayment liability (debt) Ju Zi Shu" penal servitude. Secondly, processing, private debt problems include: a debt contract, debt guarantees, debt recovery. The debt the recovery is more complex, the need to follow strict "law" program.
The fourth chapter of social lending Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty. Although the government borrowing in the famine period to temporarily alleviate the financing difficulties of small farmers, but the loan in time, with the institutional defects of the obvious popularity and so on. This prompted farmers in daily life have to rely on private lending makes the folk. To alleviate the financing difficulties of small loan significance. However, due to the vulnerability of small peasant economy, the credit market is often in short supply situation on the verge of bankruptcy. Farmers are often forced to mortgage lending or borrowing usury. This brought serious negative influence to the society at that time, the Qin and Han Dynasties directly exacerbated the annexation of land, slaves and social problems of the refugees.

【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.9;K23

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