《联合国海洋法公约》适用于北极地区的基本法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-01-06 06:24

本文关键词：《联合国海洋法公约》适用于北极地区的基本法律问题研究　出处：《武汉大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着北极海冰的加速融化,各个国家对北极利益的争夺愈发激烈。其争夺的利益主要在于北极地区丰富的自然资源与重要的商业价值、战略价值。而北极不同于南极的地方在于,北极圈内存在着八个国家的领土,这也决定了北极地区拥有自己的特殊性:北极八国势必不遗余力地维护甚至扩大自己在北极地区的主权与主权权利从而拒绝他国分享或削弱自己的相关权益。亦是如此,北极地区在现实上难以达成与《南极条约》相类似的专门性国际条约来一揽子解决北极的法律问题。但国际争端并不会因为北极国际法的缺失而停止,从汉斯岛领土之争,到大陆架界限之争,再到公海开发、航道权属之争,世界各个国家利用国际法律的掩盖下积极开展北极资源的利益争夺战,愈演愈烈,《公约》成为了当时一部囊括所有海洋事项的"海洋宪章",其普遍适用性为当前北极争端提供了可以更好地解决北极问题的平台。其中,不仅北极八国依照《公约》主张自己排他的主权及主权权利,其他地理不利国家也纷纷通过《公约》来主张其在北极地区应有的权利和利益,由此加重了北极地缘政治关系的复杂性。鉴于现有的北极多边法律文件以及环北极国家行使主权的实践,在"人类共同继承"原则下,亟需澄清环北极国家在《公约》下的权利义务,进而协调好它们与地理不利国家之间的关系。中国作为"近北极国家"与"北极利益攸关者",秉持着国际合作与和平开发北极的策略。如何更好地利用《公约》"人类共同继承财产原则"来主张自己的北极权益,如何利用政治外交途径来增加自己在北极地区的话语权,是中国北极战略选择的当务之急。本文共有六个部分,其中四个部分为正文,这四部分对题目展开了详细的论述。第二部分介绍北极地区的地理特征及其丰富的战略价值,同时也是研究的研究背景。随后阐述北极地区的基本法律问题,包括扇形原则、先占原则及北极地区所存在的国际法律文本等,最后落脚《联合国海洋法公约》的出台,并衔接下一部分对《公约》展开详细的论述。第三部分首先阐述北极地区不同于南极地区的特殊性,从而通过论证否定"南极条约"等其他解决北极问题的路径。随后通过阐述《公约》的普遍适用性,与其他国际条约的兼容性来论证《公约》应成为处理北极事务的核心法律依据。第四部分在《公约》核心地位的基础上,阐述环北极国家及地理不利国家依据《公约》所主张的各项权利,随后作者从《公约》具体规定出发,对这些主张的正当性与合理性进行研究。着重分析了环北极国家权益与地理不利国家权益间的关系,着重论述了二者此消彼长的关系。第五部分结合《公约》的规定,回归中国这一发展中国家与非北极国家的最典型代表,在借鉴其他国家成功经验的同时,结合中国特殊国情,总结中国未来北极战略的路径选择。
[Abstract]:With the accelerated melting of the Arctic sea ice, various countries of the Arctic interests increasingly fierce competition. The competition for interest lies mainly in the rich natural resources in the Arctic region and an important commercial value and strategic value. Different from the Antarctic and Arctic lies in the Arctic Circle, in memory of eight national territory, which also determines the Arctic has its own particularity: the Arctic will spare no effort to maintain and even expand themselves in the Arctic sovereignty and sovereign rights to refuse to share his country or weaken their relative interests. So it is, in reality, it is difficult to reach the Arctic and Antarctic Treaty > < special international treaty similar to a package to solve legal problems Arctic. But international disputes and not because of lack of the international law and stop, from the Hans islands territorial disputes, to the limits of the continental shelf dispute, and then to the high seas development channel The ownership dispute, all the countries in the world use interests actively carry out the Arctic resources under the cover of international legal battle intensified, "Convention" became a part of all marine matters "ocean charter", its universal applicability provides can better solve the problem of the current arctic arctic dispute. The platform not only. In accordance with the "Convention" Arctic claim their exclusive sovereignty and sovereign rights, other countries have the "adverse geographical Convention" in the Arctic due to assert its rights and interests, thus increasing the complexity of the geopolitical relations. In view of existing multilateral legal documents and the practice of the arctic arctic national sovereignty. In the "common heritage of mankind" principle, to clarify the rights and obligations in the Arctic countries "under the Convention", and coordinate the relationship between them and the country. Chinese unfavorable geography As "near Arctic state" and "the Arctic stakeholder", with international cooperation and peaceful development of the Arctic strategy. How to make better use of < > "Convention on the principle of common heritage of mankind" to assert their rights and interests of the Arctic, how to use political and diplomatic means to increase their own in the Arctic region is the right to speak, Chinese Arctic the strategic choice of a pressing matter of the moment. This paper consists of six parts, the four part is the main body, the four part of the topic is carried out in detail. The second part introduces the geographical features of the Arctic region and the strategic value of rich, is also on the research background at the same time. Then elaborate the basic legal issues of the Arctic region, including the sector principle the existence of the first principle, and in the Arctic international legal texts, finally settled on "the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea" is introduced, and convergence of the next part of < convention > expansion in detail. The three part is the Arctic region is different from the particularity of the Antarctic region, thus negating the "Antarctic Treaty" to solve the problem of the other Arctic route through demonstration. Then through the universal applicability of < > this Convention, and other international treaties to demonstrate the compatibility of < Convention "should be the core legal basis of Arctic affairs. In the fourth part based on < > the core status of the Convention on the rights of the Arctic countries, and unfavorable national geographic basis that convention > < < >, then the author from the specific provisions of the Convention, to study the legitimacy and rationality of these claims. This paper analyzes relations of the Arctic countries interests and national interests between the geographical disadvantage the focuses on the shift in the relationship between the two. The fifth part combined with the provisions of the" Convention ", the China regression of developing countries and non Arctic countries the most typical representative, in reference to the other At the same time of successful experience of the country, the path selection of China's future Arctic strategy is summed up in the light of China's special national conditions.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D993.5

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