论汉代王杖制度

发布时间：2018-03-15 03:36

本文选题：汉代　切入点：王杖制度　出处：《湖北省社会科学院》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：王杖制度作为汉代尊老惠老的一项重要政策,体现着汉代统治者以孝治天下的统治理念。赐老者王杖并不是从汉代才开始兴起的,早在先秦时期,《礼记》等经典中已有相关记载,而汉代则沿袭了这一礼仪并将其制度化,成为汉“孝治天下”体系中的重要部分。从形制上看,由出土的王杖实物和文献记录可知,王杖杖身较长,一般两米左右,杖首通常以鸠鸟为饰,寓意老人不噎。过长的王杖看似并不实用,这是因为王杖与普通的手杖所包含的意蕴和功能不同,它不是用来助步,而有“比于节”的作用,是一种身份和地位的象征。但是,并不是所有的老者都可以获得王杖,而只有满足一定条件的高年才会被授予。首先,是对年龄有所要求,每个时期对受杖者的年龄标准均有所区别,但到西汉后期,七十岁便成为一个比较固定的数字。其次,需要拥有一定的政治经济地位,从传世文献和出土简册的记载可知,受王杖的老者大多是地方的三老五更,在乡里具有相当的影响力,而朝廷赐予这样一群老者王杖的目的主要是借助他们的威望来协助地方官一同管制乡里和稳定基层秩序。所以,一旦获得王杖,伴随而来的便是一系列的权利和义务。首先,在政治上,持杖者“比六百石”、“入宫廷而不趋”、随意“进出官府廊第”等办公场所,还可与使节一般“行驰道旁道”等。其次,在经济上,受杖者可以“市卖勿租”、“比山东复”,享受做生意不交租税、不服劳役的优待;如果年轻人能够赡养持杖者也同样免去其服役,以便王杖主安度晚年。再次,在律法上,拥有王杖的老者只要不是犯首杀之罪,便可“毋告劾也,毋所坐”,获得宽刑处理;同时,对于不敬乃至侮辱王杖主之人予以重罚,甚至会被处以弃市的极刑。由此可见,附加在王杖之上的政治和经济待遇是丰厚的,这也表现了汉代敬老尊老的政策并不只是一句空话,而是落在实处的种种优待措施。不过,受杖者在享受这些权利的同时也需要承担教化乡里、协助地方官员维护秩序的责任和义务,或许正因如此,持杖者才会与人产生冲突,出现王杖简册中因殴辱王杖主而被弃市的例子。王杖制度虽然是汉代尊老敬老的政策之一,但又不完全属于养老制度。例如王杖的获得需要相应的条件,而王杖主所拥有的某些特权也是普通老者享受不到的。也就是说,二者虽然有一些重合部分,但王杖制度并不完全包含在养老制度之中,王杖制度在某种程度上更突显的是其政治含义。时至今日,老龄问题依然是社会话题的热点,如何处理好国家、社会、家庭成员与老人之间的责任问题,无疑是养老问题的核心。我们不妨从古人的尊老养老之道中借鉴一些经验,让责任与亲情同在,重树孝养之风,共建和谐家园。
[Abstract]:As an important policy of respecting the old and benefiting the old in the Han Dynasty, the system of king's staff embodies the ruling idea of ruling the world with filial piety by the rulers of the Han Dynasty. As early as the pre-Qin period, the Book of Rites and other classics have been recorded, but the Han Dynasty followed this etiquette and institutionalized it, becoming an important part of the system of "filial piety governing the world" in the Han Dynasty. From the actual objects and documentary records of the wand unearthed, we can see that the wand is relatively long and generally about two meters long. The head of the wand is usually decorated with a dove bird, meaning that the old man does not choke. A long wand seems not to be practical. This is because the king's staff is different from the ordinary cane in its meaning and function. It is not used to assist in walking, but is a symbol of identity and status. But not all the old people can get it. First of all, there is a requirement for age, and there are differences in the age of the wand in each period, but by the late Western Han Dynasty, 70 became a relatively fixed number. We need to have a certain political and economic status. From the records of the handed down documents and the unearthed pamphlets, we can see that most of the old people who receive the king's staff are local officials, and have considerable influence in the countryside. And the king's staff was given to such a group of old men by the court mainly by virtue of their prestige to help the local officials to control the village and stabilize the grassroots order together. So once the king's staff was obtained, it was accompanied by a series of rights and obligations. First, there was a series of rights and obligations. Politically, the wand bearer is "more than 600 stone", "entering the palace but not tending to", "to and from the official corridor" and other office places at will, and can also "walk along the road" as an envoy. Secondly, in economic terms, The wand can be "sold not to rent", "better than Shandong," and enjoy the privilege of not paying taxes on business and not serving servitude. If the young man can support the wand, he may also be exempted from service, so that the king may spend his twilight years in peace. Again, in the law, As long as the old man with the king's staff is not guilty of the crime of first killing, he may be given lenient punishment "without impeachment and without sitting." at the same time, those who do not respect or even insult the lord of the king's staff will be severely punished, and may even be sentenced to the death penalty of abandoning the market. The political and economic treatment attached to the king's staff is generous, which also shows that the policy of respecting the elderly in the Han Dynasty was not just an empty word, but a variety of preferential treatment measures that fell on the ground. The wand holders, while enjoying these rights, also have the responsibility and duty to inculcate the communes and assist local officials in maintaining order, and perhaps that is why the wand holders conflict with others. There is an example of the king's staff being abandoned in the book because of the affront to the lord of the king's staff. Although the system of king's staff was one of the policies of the Han Dynasty to respect the old and respect the elderly, it did not belong entirely to the old-age system. For example, the acquisition of the king's staff required corresponding conditions. And some of the privileges that the King's staff owner has are not enjoyed by the ordinary elderly. That is to say, although there is some overlap between the two, the King's staff system is not entirely included in the old-age system. To some extent, the king's wand system is more prominent in its political implications. Today, the issue of ageing is still a hot topic in society. How to deal well with the responsibilities between the country, society, family members and the elderly? Undoubtedly, it is the core of the old-age problem. We can learn some experience from the way of respecting the old and providing for the aged in the ancients, so that the responsibility and affection can be with each other, the wind of filial piety should be reestablished, and a harmonious home can be built together.
【学位授予单位】：湖北省社会科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K234

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