孔子“游于艺”思想研究

发布时间：2018-03-16 11:23

本文选题：孔子　切入点：游　出处：《河北师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文试图从三个方面对孔子“游于艺”思想进行研究:首先,在训诂辨析的基础上进行义理层面的探析;其次,在梳理、评析前人观点的基础上予以进一步阐发;最后,与“逍遥游”进行比较,从而管窥儒、道思想之不同。关于“游于艺”之“游”,历代注释纷繁不一,主要有不可据依、玩物适情、从容潜玩以及游玩等类。追本溯源,“游于艺”最初写为“怞于艺”,“怞”之本义与行走相关。因“游于艺”与“依于仁”的密不可分,“游”显然含有研习、玩味之义,意指从容自适、洒脱无滞的人生境界。关于“游于艺”之“艺”,历代注疏者几乎都沿袭了皇侃的说法,亦即将“艺”释为“六艺”(“礼”、“乐”、“射”、“御”、“书”、“数”),并在此基础上进一步予以阐发。理学家们所看重的是“游于艺”的涵养功能,在他们看来,“艺”虽然处于相对次要的地位,但只有本末兼顾,才能进入圣人之境。至于某些末流的理学家,则将“艺”视为可有可无的东西。心学家们强调的是“心”之所“志”乃是“道”,“志于道”便可涵盖其他三者,“游于艺”仅具有调习、养护的功效。以王夫之为代表的儒者,打破了线性阐释的路径,指出“游于艺”所具有的养护功效在“志道”、“据德”、“依仁”的过程中时刻都会发生,彼此之间不可分割。一言以蔽之,“游于艺”乃意指人始于“志于道”,经由“据于德”、“依于仁”,最终得以实现的纯熟之境。这种纯熟之境相通于经由“兴于诗”、“立于礼”而臻于的“成于乐”之境,它是对“情”与“礼”的涵纳,“情”之所至即为“礼”之所尽,其圆融之境即是“游于艺”。在“游于艺”之境中,人面对外部境域的态度是“可与权”,主体不会因一己之好恶来裁定外界,其所亲厚的唯有道义。这种“无可无不可”的态度同样相通于“游于艺”,它让那些“从容中道”的个体敢于直面现实处境进而实现“尽性立命”。从“志于道”、“据于德”到“依于仁”最终抵达“游于艺”之境,它不是一个自动生成的过程,而需要主体不断地付诸努力去“学”。所“学”的东西不能拘囿于外在化的知识,而是要将其融入生命之中进而提升人生的境界,就此而言,“学”的用力程度也就决定了人生的高度。祈向圣人之境的“学”乃是不被外在他物所困扰的“为己之学”,既然如此,个体在求学过程中便能体味到无尽的欢乐之情。孔子的“游于艺”说到底是游于人伦之中,其所祈向的“从心所欲而不逾矩”乃意指人与人道相融之后的“方内之游”;相比之下,庄子的“逍遥游”则是“游乎天地之一气”,它意指人与自然之“道”融为一体的“方外之游”。“游于艺”的境界需要人不断地有所作为才能渐而实现,“逍遥游”则只能取“无为”的路径才能为人所觉悟。
[Abstract]:This paper attempts to study Confucius' thought of "traveling in art" from three aspects: first, on the basis of exegetical analysis; secondly, on the basis of combing and analyzing the views of predecessors; finally, Comparing with "free and unfettered tour", we can get a glimpse of the difference between Confucianism and Taoism. Regarding the "travel in art", there are various annotations in the past dynasties. To trace back to the source, the original meaning of "swimming in art" is related to walking. Because "swimming in art" and "in accordance with benevolence" are inextricably linked, "travel" obviously contains the meaning of study and taste. It means the realm of life that is comfortable and free and easy. About the "art" of "swimming in art", most of the people who have noted the art in past dynasties have followed the saying of Huang Kan. "Art" will also be interpreted as "six arts" ("ritual", "music", "shooting", "imperial", "book", "number"), and further elucidated on this basis. In their opinion, although "art" is in a relatively secondary position, it can enter the realm of saints only if one takes account of the essentials. What psychologists emphasize is that the "will" of the "heart" is "Tao", and the "will in the Tao" can cover the other three, and "swimming in the arts" only has the effect of regulating learning and preserving the arts. Wang Fuzhi is the representative of the Confucianists. Breaking the path of linear interpretation, pointing out that the conservation effects of "swimming in art" occur all the time in the process of "ambition", "according to virtue", "according to benevolence", In a word, "swim in the art" means that a person begins from a "will in the Tao", through "according to Yu De", "according to the benevolence", the final realization of the mature territory. In the realm of "music", which comes into being in "ritual", It is the acceptance of "feeling" and "propriety", the "feeling" is the "ritual", and its mellow state is "swimming in the art". A person's attitude towards the outside world is "right and right", and the subject will not judge the outside world because of one's likes and dislikes. The only thing it loves is morality. This kind of "no necessity" attitude is also related to "swimming in art", it allows those "calm" individuals dare to face the reality of the situation and achieve the "life". From the "will in Tao", "according to" Yu De "to" Yiyuren "finally arrived" in the art of the territory, It is not a process of automatic generation, but requires the subject to "learn" with constant effort. What is "learned" should not be confined to the knowledge of externalization, but should be incorporated into life to enhance the realm of life. In this regard, the degree of strength of "learning" determines the height of life. The "learning" of praying to the saints is the "learning for oneself" which is not troubled by other things outside. In the process of learning, the individual can appreciate the endless joy. Confucius's "swimming in art" in the end is to swim among human relations, His pray for "from the heart without exceeding the moment" means a "journey within the square" in which people and humanity are United; in contrast, Zhuangzi's "free and unfettered tour" is "swimming in the air of heaven and earth", which means that man and nature's "Tao" merges into one "outside of the square". The realm of "swimming in art" requires people to make a continuous effort to gradually realize it, and "free and free" is the principle of "unfettered travel". Only by taking the path of inaction can we be enlightened.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I0

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