谚语中的方位词“上”、“下”的中日对照研究
发布时间：2018-08-01 12:02
【摘要】：语言是思维的工具,学习一种语言就等于学习这个民族的思维方式。而谚语又是古人遗留下来的文化遗产之一,反映了该国人民的生活方式、思考方式和语言形式等多方面的内容。随着中日两国的语言的交流、汉字的传播的不断发展,在江户时代,日语中出现了一些来自于汉诗或者典故的谚语。单从目前国内外谚语的对照比较研究的文章来看,日语和汉语有相近的习俗和文化,有些日语谚语和汉语异曲同工,但有些则有自己特定的表现形式和含义。而空间方位的认知是人类原始思维的出发点,是其他概念或事物认知的基础,是人类生存的第一要素。人类在认识发展的过程中,首先感知的是自身的运动和周围的空间环境,并形成了一系列的空间概念,如“上下、左右、前后”等,这就是用来表示空间、处所以及事物相对应位置的方位词。在我们日常生活中,方位词“上”、“下”被广泛运用,比如：“墙上有幅画”、“树下有只猫”等。但因为用法简单,一直得不到研究者的重视。除此之外,日语中来自西洋或日本本土的谚语也有很多,那么同为谚语,日汉谚语又有哪些异同点呢,本篇论文就从谚语“上”、“下”表达这个小方面来进行日中对照探讨研究。本文日语谚语以日本现在最具有权威性的『俗信故事ことゎざ大辞典』(小学馆,1982)为资料,从中选出了部分包含“上”、“下”的谚语,从它们的语法、语义、来源等四个方面进行分析对比研究。 从语法的角度来看,汉语中方位词“上、下”既可以单独使用(指单独充当句子或句法成分),也可以粘着使用(指和其他词构成方位短语后充当句子或句法成分)。作为方位词的“上”的“主要语法功能是附着在其他词的后面构成方位短捂”,上古汉语里,方位短捂的结构方式有“名词+方位词”、“名词+之+方位词”、“方位词+名词”等三种,发展到现代汉语时,一般是“名词或名词性短捂+单纯合成方位词”的结构方式,而这种语序更“符合人认知空间的顺序”,处于近代汉语时期的方位词“上”所构成的方位短语“名词+上”已经占有明显的优势,即方位词“上”的独立性渐弱,而粘着性更强了。 从语法角度来说,日语是典型的黏着语,日语中的名词、代词、数词等无活用变化,一般说来不能直接充当句子成分,只有在其后黏附虚词,才能入句。那我们在研究“上、下”的时候也必须通过其后面的虚词来分析“上、下”在句子中的作用。根据后面的助词的不同,“上、下”在句子中的语法作用也就不一样。 从语义的角度来看,汉语的“上”、“下”跟日文的“上”、“下”的意思大体相同,不同的是,在汉语中,“上”、“下”在表示最基本的含义,也就是表示方位的时候,比日文中的“上”、“下”所表示的含义更广。此外,“上”、“下”虽然是一对反义词,但是,从两者的数量上来看,“上”比“下”占优势,也就是说,两者具有不对称性。 造成日语和汉语“上”、“下”读音、语义、语法有异同点的最主要原因还得归结到汉字的起源上来。汉字起源于中国,是表意文字,而在汉字传入日本之前,日本有自己的假名,日本的假名属于表音文字。随着中日文化的交流,汉字逐渐传入日本,日本人根据意思的推断,将汉字标注了带有日本特色的读音,这也就是日语中汉字的读音为什么比汉语中汉字的读音多的原因。古代中国在造字的时候有六种造字法,分别为：象形、指事、会意、形声、假借和转注。本稿所要研究的“上”、“下”的造字法属于指事,指事也就是指用象征的符号,或在象形字上加符号来表示某个字。最原始的甲骨文“上”是有两条弧线组成的,下面一条弧线代表地面,上面一条短的弧线代表在地面之上,后来金文中将下面一条弧线拉直,再后来的小篆将上进行了美化。所以,“上”最原始的含义就是表示方位的。“下”表示的方位跟“上”相反。随着历史和文化的发展、信息的传播跟语言表达的不同,“上”和“下”也有了越来越多的延伸含义,比如：地位的高低、时间或次序的前后,品质的高低等。 笔者通过这篇文章的研究,希望能对“上”、“下”的研究尽到绵薄之力,引起研究者和学者的重视,使大家对日中语法研究更深刻。
[Abstract]:Language is the tool of thinking. Learning a language is equal to learning the way of thinking of the nation. And the proverb is one of the cultural heritages left by the ancient people. It reflects the people's way of life, the way of thinking and the form of language. With the communication of the language of the two countries, the spread of Chinese characters is constantly developing. In the Edo period, some proverbs coming from Chinese poetry or allusions appeared in Japanese. From the comparative study of Chinese and foreign proverbs at present, Japanese and Chinese have similar customs and cultures, some Japanese proverbs and Chinese are the same, but some have their own special forms and meanings. It is the starting point of human primitive thinking, the basis of other concepts or cognition, and the first element of human existence. In the process of understanding and development, human beings first perceive their own movement and the surrounding space environment, and form a series of spatial concepts, such as "up and down, left and right, front and back," and so on, which is used to express space. In our daily life, azimuth words "up" and "down" are widely used, for example, "there is a picture on the wall", "there is a cat under the tree", etc. but because of its simple usage, it has never reached the attention of the researchers. In addition, there are also many proverbs from the Western or Japanese native languages in Japanese, that is, there are also many proverbs in Japanese. What are the similarities and differences between the proverbs and the proverbs in the Japanese and Chinese proverbs? This paper makes a comparative study of the Japanese proverbs from the proverbs and "below" to express this small aspect. The proverbs of "Shang" and "Xia" are analyzed and compared from four aspects: grammar, semantics, and source.
From a grammatical point of view, the Chinese azimuthal word "up, down" can either be used alone (as a sentence or a syntactic component alone), or can be used to act as a sentence or syntactic component after an azimuth phrase. As the "top" of the azimuth word, the main grammatical function of the word is attached to the other words to form a short position. In ancient Chinese, in ancient Chinese, there are "noun + azimuth words", "noun + + azimuth words", "azimuth words + nouns", and three kinds. When they are developed into modern Chinese, they are generally "nouns or noun short cover + simple synthetic azimuth words", and this word order "conforms to the order of human cognition space". The azimuth phrase "noun +" in the azimuth phrase "on" in the modern Chinese period has already possessed obvious advantages, that is, the independence of the azimuth word is gradually weak, and the stickiness is stronger.
From a grammatical point of view, Japanese is a typical stickling language, and the noun, pronoun, and numerals in Japanese have no living changes. Generally speaking, we can not directly act as sentence components. Only by adhering to the function words can we enter sentences. Then we should also analyze the "upper and lower" in the sentence when we study the "upper and lower". According to the difference between the auxiliary words, "upper and lower" have different grammatical functions in sentences.
From the semantic point of view, the meaning of "upper" and "lower" in Chinese is roughly the same as "down" and "down" in Japanese. In Chinese, the meaning of "upper" and "lower" is to express the most basic meaning, that is to express the orientation, more than the "upper" and "down" in Japanese. It is a pair of antonyms, however, in terms of the number of the two words, "up" is superior to "down", that is, they are asymmetrical.
The main reason why Japanese and Chinese are "up", "lower" pronunciation, semantic and grammatical differences have to be attributed to the origin of Chinese characters. Chinese characters originated in China and are ideographic characters. Before the introduction of Chinese characters to Japan, Japan has its own pseudonym, Japanese pseudonyms belong to the phonetic alphabet. With the exchange of Chinese and Japanese culture, Chinese characters are gradually passed down. In Japan, the Japanese, according to the inference of the meaning, mark the Chinese character pronunciation with Japanese characteristics, which is why the pronunciation of the Chinese characters in Japanese is more than the pronunciation of Chinese characters. In ancient China, there were six kinds of writing methods in Chinese characters, namely, pictograph, reference, meaning, phonetic, and transfer. "Up", "lower" of the writing method belongs to the finger, the finger refers to the symbol of the symbol, or the symbol to represent a word in the pictograph. The most primitive oracle "upper" is composed of two arcs, the following arc represents the ground, a short arc on the ground above the ground, and then the following arc will be in the golden text. With the development of the history and culture, the spread of information is different from that of the language, and the "upper" and "lower" also have more and more extended meanings, such as the height of status. Before and after the time or order of time, quality, etc.
Through the study of this article, I hope that the study of "Shang" and "lower" can be made as far as possible, and arouse the attention of researchers and scholars, so that the study of Japanese grammar is more profound.
【学位授予单位】：南京农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：H36;H146
本文编号：2157516
[Abstract]:Language is the tool of thinking. Learning a language is equal to learning the way of thinking of the nation. And the proverb is one of the cultural heritages left by the ancient people. It reflects the people's way of life, the way of thinking and the form of language. With the communication of the language of the two countries, the spread of Chinese characters is constantly developing. In the Edo period, some proverbs coming from Chinese poetry or allusions appeared in Japanese. From the comparative study of Chinese and foreign proverbs at present, Japanese and Chinese have similar customs and cultures, some Japanese proverbs and Chinese are the same, but some have their own special forms and meanings. It is the starting point of human primitive thinking, the basis of other concepts or cognition, and the first element of human existence. In the process of understanding and development, human beings first perceive their own movement and the surrounding space environment, and form a series of spatial concepts, such as "up and down, left and right, front and back," and so on, which is used to express space. In our daily life, azimuth words "up" and "down" are widely used, for example, "there is a picture on the wall", "there is a cat under the tree", etc. but because of its simple usage, it has never reached the attention of the researchers. In addition, there are also many proverbs from the Western or Japanese native languages in Japanese, that is, there are also many proverbs in Japanese. What are the similarities and differences between the proverbs and the proverbs in the Japanese and Chinese proverbs? This paper makes a comparative study of the Japanese proverbs from the proverbs and "below" to express this small aspect. The proverbs of "Shang" and "Xia" are analyzed and compared from four aspects: grammar, semantics, and source.
From a grammatical point of view, the Chinese azimuthal word "up, down" can either be used alone (as a sentence or a syntactic component alone), or can be used to act as a sentence or syntactic component after an azimuth phrase. As the "top" of the azimuth word, the main grammatical function of the word is attached to the other words to form a short position. In ancient Chinese, in ancient Chinese, there are "noun + azimuth words", "noun + + azimuth words", "azimuth words + nouns", and three kinds. When they are developed into modern Chinese, they are generally "nouns or noun short cover + simple synthetic azimuth words", and this word order "conforms to the order of human cognition space". The azimuth phrase "noun +" in the azimuth phrase "on" in the modern Chinese period has already possessed obvious advantages, that is, the independence of the azimuth word is gradually weak, and the stickiness is stronger.
From a grammatical point of view, Japanese is a typical stickling language, and the noun, pronoun, and numerals in Japanese have no living changes. Generally speaking, we can not directly act as sentence components. Only by adhering to the function words can we enter sentences. Then we should also analyze the "upper and lower" in the sentence when we study the "upper and lower". According to the difference between the auxiliary words, "upper and lower" have different grammatical functions in sentences.
From the semantic point of view, the meaning of "upper" and "lower" in Chinese is roughly the same as "down" and "down" in Japanese. In Chinese, the meaning of "upper" and "lower" is to express the most basic meaning, that is to express the orientation, more than the "upper" and "down" in Japanese. It is a pair of antonyms, however, in terms of the number of the two words, "up" is superior to "down", that is, they are asymmetrical.
The main reason why Japanese and Chinese are "up", "lower" pronunciation, semantic and grammatical differences have to be attributed to the origin of Chinese characters. Chinese characters originated in China and are ideographic characters. Before the introduction of Chinese characters to Japan, Japan has its own pseudonym, Japanese pseudonyms belong to the phonetic alphabet. With the exchange of Chinese and Japanese culture, Chinese characters are gradually passed down. In Japan, the Japanese, according to the inference of the meaning, mark the Chinese character pronunciation with Japanese characteristics, which is why the pronunciation of the Chinese characters in Japanese is more than the pronunciation of Chinese characters. In ancient China, there were six kinds of writing methods in Chinese characters, namely, pictograph, reference, meaning, phonetic, and transfer. "Up", "lower" of the writing method belongs to the finger, the finger refers to the symbol of the symbol, or the symbol to represent a word in the pictograph. The most primitive oracle "upper" is composed of two arcs, the following arc represents the ground, a short arc on the ground above the ground, and then the following arc will be in the golden text. With the development of the history and culture, the spread of information is different from that of the language, and the "upper" and "lower" also have more and more extended meanings, such as the height of status. Before and after the time or order of time, quality, etc.
Through the study of this article, I hope that the study of "Shang" and "lower" can be made as far as possible, and arouse the attention of researchers and scholars, so that the study of Japanese grammar is more profound.
【学位授予单位】：南京农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：H36;H146
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