现代汉语与阿拉伯语语音、实词语法范畴专题研究

发布时间：2018-02-23 20:42

本文关键词： 语音实词语法范畴　出处：《河南大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：汉语阿拉伯语皆为联合国法定的六种工作语言之一，分属于两大语系：汉藏语系和闪含语系。两者之间存在着很多共性和个性。阿拉伯语属于屈折语，用丰富的词形变化来表示不同的语法意义，汉语属于孤立语，不是通过词的内部形态变化来表达语法意义的，主要是通过虚词和固定的词序来表达语法意义。全文共有四章。本文第一章介绍了选题的目的和意义，并对以往研究进行了回顾。第二章对汉语、阿拉伯语的语音进行了对比，这一章分为三个小节，第一节对比汉语、阿拉伯语的元音。首先对这两种语言元音发音部位和方法进行了描写，接着对汉语和阿拉伯语中相似元音例如一些单元音、双元音、鼻化元音进行了辨析，指出其差别，并对二者的半元音进行了对比分析。第二节是对比了汉语、阿拉伯语的辅音。首先列表对二者的辅音发音方法及部位进行对比，并找出7对二者发音基本相同的音和二者相似的音以及完全不同的音。第三节对两种语言的音节进行了对比，汉语一个字就是一个音节，可以由一个元音构成，也可由辅音加元音构成；阿语音节必须有辅音和元音，而且必须以辅音开头。并对汉语阿拉伯语音节音位配合关系进行对比。第三章是两种语言的实词语法范畴的比较，分别从名词的“性”、“数”、“格”、“指”方面，动词的“时”、“体”、“态”方面，数词中的基数词和分数词和序数词以及数词的文化内涵进行了对比分析。再者对代词中的人称代词和指示代词进行对比。通过对比得出以下结论：语音方面，两种语音相同的辅音有6个，半元音有2个，阿拉伯语中喉音有8个，占其辅音总数的三分之一，阿语辅音中清浊对立的音多于汉语，汉语的送气音多于阿语；元音在汉语音节中的地位要重于在阿拉伯语中，阿语开口符变体较多。实词语法范畴对比方面：名词中“性”范畴中，阿语分阴阳性；“数”范畴中阿拉伯语分单数、双数、复数，阿语名词“格”分主格、宾格和属格，都有相应的词形变化。汉语动词在句中多位于名词后面，阿语则位于句首，一个动词既代表词汇意义又代表“时态”、“人称”、“性”和“数”。数词上阿语的系数词要根据被数词的阴阳性和格位进行变化，阿语中位数词只有百、千、百万、十亿、万亿，比汉语的位数词少，，在数字喜好上中国人喜欢数字六和八，忌讳四，阿拉伯人则偏爱七。阿拉伯语的人称代词分为单数、双数和复数，指示代词放在名词的后面，可做一般名词用，汉语则不能。
[Abstract]:Chinese Arabic is one of the six official working languages of the United Nations. It belongs to two major languages: the Chinese-Tibetan language family and the Fleming language family. There are many similarities and differences between the two languages. Different grammatical meanings are expressed by abundant changes in lexical form. Chinese is an isolated language, which is not expressed by the internal morphological change of words, but mainly by function words and fixed word order. There are four chapters in this paper. The first chapter introduces the purpose and significance of the topic, and reviews the previous studies. The second chapter compares the pronunciation of Chinese and Arabic, this chapter is divided into three sections, the first section contrasts Chinese. The vowels of the two languages are described first, and then the similar vowels in Chinese and Arabic, such as some unit sounds, divowels, and nasal vowels, are distinguished and analyzed, and the differences between them are pointed out. In the second section, the consonants of Chinese and Arabic are compared. In the third section, the syllables of the two languages are compared. A word in Chinese is a syllable, which can be made up of a vowel. It can also be composed of consonants and vowels; A phonetics section must have consonants and vowels, and must begin with consonants. The third chapter is a comparison of the grammatical categories of notional words in the two languages. From the aspects of "sex", "number", "case", "meaning" of nouns, "tense", "aspect" and "state" of verbs, The cardinal words, fraction words, ordinal words and the cultural connotations of numerals are compared and analyzed. Furthermore, the personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in pronouns are compared. There are 6 consonants, 2 semi-vowels and 8 laryngeal sounds in Arabic, accounting for 1/3 of the total consonants. The number of consonants in Arabic is more than that in Chinese, and the number of aspirated sounds in Chinese is more than that in Arabic. Vowels play a more important role in Chinese syllables than in Arabic, where there are more variations of opening symbols. In the contrastive aspect of grammatical categories of notional words: in the category of "sex" in nouns, Arabic is divided into yin and yang; in the category of "number", Arabic is divided into singular and even numbers. The plural, the Arabic noun "case" divides into the subject case, the object case and the genus case, has the corresponding word form change. A verb represents both lexical meaning and "tense", "person", "sex" and "number". Chinese like numbers six and eight, taboo four, Arabs prefer seven. Arabic personal pronouns are divided into singular, even and plural numbers, and demonstrative pronouns are placed after nouns. It can be used as a general noun, but not in Chinese.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H37;H146

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