现代汉语类词缀鉴定标准及语法化研究

发布时间：2019-05-16 14:37

【摘要】：长期以来,由于汉语中仅存在数量很少的典型词缀,因此语言学家一直认为汉语是孤立语的典型代表。正是由于这个原因,汉语典型词缀及其相关内容的研究办没有得到足够重视,大部分语言学家只是把其看作构词法体系中的附庸。但是随着社会的迅速发展以及对外交流的日益频繁,现代汉语中不断涌现出大量的新词新语,在这些新词新语中出现了许多类词缀或类似类词缀的成分。那么,这些成分中哪些是真正意义上的类词缀?我们应该如何正确界定它们?类词缀的大量涌现是不是现代汉语正在由孤立语向粘着语转化的有力佐证?这些问题都需要我们认真深入研究。本文首先在已有研究成果的基础上进一步探讨了类词缀的性质特点。我们认为,站在广义形态观的角度来看,类词缀作为语法形式与语法意义的统一体,是现代汉语的形态标记,属于构词形态。从概念体系方面来看,类词缀和典型词缀是词缀的两个并列的下位概念；从构词法的角度来看,类词缀是粘附于词根之上的派生语素；从历时发展的角度来看,类词缀是汉语实词素向典型词缀语法化的过渡阶段。其次,本文对现代汉语中的类词缀和类似类词缀的成分进行了统计分析,试图为其提供一个相对明确的鉴定标准。本文认为意义相对虚化是决定性的标准,定位性和非独立成词性是必要标准,能产性和标注词性是重要标准。当然,在实际操作过程中,这五项标准要综合考虑,不可偏废。另外,本文还认为原型范畴化理论对现代汉语类词缀的界定有很好的指导作用。最后,本文从两个方面探讨了类词缀的语法化特征。类词缀的语法化主要包括两个方面：一个是有词缀化倾向的词素自身虚化而成为词缀的过程,即实词虚化；另一个是短语和跨层邻接结构词汇化造成词缀的过程,即词汇化。在分析过程中,我们发现第一个过程主要发生在外源类词缀和大部分自源类词缀中,而第二个过程是现代汉语自源类词缀所独有的,外源类词缀不出现这种现象。另外,本文认为,高频使用是产生类词缀语法化的必要条件。
[Abstract]:For a long time, because there are only a small number of typical affixes in Chinese, linguists have always regarded Chinese as a typical representative of isolated languages. It is for this reason that the research office of Chinese typical affixes and their related contents has not been paid enough attention, and most linguists only regard it as a vassal in the word-formation system. However, with the rapid development of society and the increasing frequency of foreign exchanges, a large number of new words and new words have emerged in modern Chinese, and there are many kinds of affixes or similar affixes in these new words and new words. So, which of these components are real affixes? How should we define them correctly? Is the emergence of affixes in large numbers a powerful evidence of the transformation of modern Chinese from isolated language to adhesive language? These problems require our careful and in-depth study. Firstly, on the basis of the existing research results, this paper further discusses the nature and characteristics of affixes. From the point of view of broad form, we think that affixes, as the unity of grammatical form and grammatical meaning, are the morphological markers of modern Chinese and belong to word formation. From the point of view of conceptual system, class affixes and typical affixes are two parallel lower concepts of affixes, and from the point of view of word formation, class affixes are derived morphemes that adhere to the root of words. From the perspective of diachronic development, affixes are the transitional stage from Chinese real morphemes to typical affixes grammaticalization. Secondly, this paper makes a statistical analysis of the components of affixes and similar affixes in modern Chinese, and tries to provide a relatively clear identification standard for them. In this paper, it is considered that the relative falsification of meaning is the decisive standard, the localization and non-independent part of speech are the necessary criteria, and the productivity and tagging part of speech are important standards. Of course, in the actual operation process, these five standards should be considered comprehensively and should not be abandoned. In addition, this paper also believes that the prototype categorization theory has a good guiding role in the definition of modern Chinese affixes. Finally, this paper discusses the grammaticalization characteristics of affixes from two aspects. The grammaticalization of affixes mainly includes two aspects: one is the process in which the morphemes with affixation tendency become affixes, that is, the virtual affixes of real words; the other is the process of affixes caused by the lexicalization of phrases and cross-layer adjacent structures, that is, lexicalization. In the process of analysis, we find that the first process mainly occurs in foreign affixes and most self-source affixes, while the second process is unique to modern Chinese self-source affixes, and foreign affixes do not appear this phenomenon. In addition, this paper holds that high frequency use is a necessary condition for the grammaticalization of affixes.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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