乌裕尔河流域土壤侵蚀时空分布特征及影响因素研究

发布时间：2018-05-31 01:46

本文选题：修正土壤侵蚀方程 + 地理信息系统　；参考：《哈尔滨师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：土壤侵蚀是一种普遍的环境演化现象,对人类社会而言,土壤侵蚀是最活跃、最敏感的生态致灾因子之一,在众多的世界性生态与资源环境问题中,土壤侵蚀问题最为普遍和显著,是严重影响环境的全球性问题之一。本研究以东北黑土区具有区域代表性的乌裕尔河流域为研究区域,以土壤侵蚀学和景观生态学为理论基础,将遥感和地理信息系统空间分析方法相结合,解析研究区1980-2010年三期土壤侵蚀时空格局与演化过程,分析区域土壤侵蚀的主要驱动因素,探讨以农业用地为主的流域综合治理下的景观格局结构特征对黑土侵蚀的影响,为当地或同类地区土地利用规划和侵蚀治理提供科学参考。取得研究成果如下:(1)通过RUSLE模型和综合考虑了研究区内各种自然环境因素对流域尺度下土壤侵蚀总体状况的影响。在此基础上借助GIS与遥感技术提取影响土壤侵蚀的主要因子,包括降雨量侵蚀因子R、土壤可蚀性因子K、坡度坡长因子LS、植被覆盖与管理因子C和水土保持措施因子P,并在Arcgis10.2中建立了1980年、1995和2010年土壤侵蚀因子数据库,对流域土壤侵蚀数据进行管理。(2)对研究区30年间的土壤侵蚀总体变化进行时空关系研究,主要从转移矩阵的角度综合分析,1980年-1995年,研究区侵蚀面积共减少1697.47 km2,减小幅度为21.58%,2010年较1995年侵蚀总量增加169.46×104t,增加幅度为38.04%,研究区侵蚀状况1980年侵蚀程度最大,到1995年有所改善,各个侵蚀强度级别的侵蚀面积都明显减小,侵蚀量降低,到2010年侵蚀程度加重,侵蚀面积和侵蚀量都有很大的增幅,但增加幅度不同,存在差异。(3)研究区30年间不同环境背景条件下及其流域分区下的土壤侵蚀研究。对影响土壤侵蚀的环境背景因子包括海拔高度、坡度和土地利用覆盖类型等在GIS中进行叠加分析,统计分析土壤侵蚀在不环境背景条件下空间分布特征。结果表明,土地利用类型以旱地为主的地区、海拔在150-250m之间的地区、坡度为5-15°的地区,是土壤侵蚀最为严重的地区。(4)基于小流域的景观特征分析,进行了土壤粒度与土壤侵蚀模数的相关性分析,结果表明:土壤粒径组成35-220μm区间所占比例越高,区域土壤平均侵蚀模数越低;220-2000μm土壤粒径组成区间所占比例越高,土壤侵蚀模数越大。进行了不同景观类型与土壤侵蚀模数的分析,结果表明水田、林地、草地和沼泽是控制土壤侵蚀有效的土地类型,而旱地和未利用地与土壤侵蚀模数显著正相关。进行了景观指数与侵蚀模数的分析,结果表明:破碎化程度越大,土壤侵蚀模数小,聚集度指数与土壤侵蚀程正相关,多样性指数与侵蚀模数程显著负相关。
[Abstract]:Soil erosion is a universal environmental evolution phenomenon. For human society, soil erosion is one of the most active and sensitive ecological disaster factors. Soil erosion is one of the most common and significant global problems affecting the environment. In this study, the Wuyu River Basin, which is the representative region of the Black soil area in Northeast China, is taken as the research area, and based on the theory of soil erosion and landscape ecology, the remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis methods are combined. The spatiotemporal pattern and evolution process of soil erosion in three periods from 1980 to 2010 in the study area were analyzed. The main driving factors of regional soil erosion were analyzed, and the influence of landscape pattern structure characteristics on black soil erosion under integrated watershed management with agricultural land was discussed. To provide scientific reference for local or similar land use planning and erosion control. The research results are as follows: (1) the effects of various natural environment factors on the overall condition of soil erosion at watershed scale are considered by RUSLE model and comprehensive consideration. On this basis, the main factors affecting soil erosion were extracted by GIS and remote sensing. Including rainfall erosion factor R, soil erodibility factor K, slope length factor LS, vegetation cover and management factor C and soil and water conservation measure factor P.The database of soil erosion factors of 1980 and 2010 was established in Arcgis10.2. The temporal and spatial relationships of the total changes of soil erosion in the study area during the past 30 years were studied, mainly from the point of view of transfer matrix, 1980-1995. The area of erosion in the study area decreased by 1697.47 km ~ 2, and decreased by 21.58. The total erosion in 2010 was 169.46 脳 10 ~ 4 t higher than that in 1995, and the increase was 38.04 t. The erosion degree of the study area was the largest in 1980 and improved in 1995. The erosion area of each erosion intensity level is obviously reduced, and the erosion amount is reduced. By 2010, the erosion degree and the erosion amount have increased greatly, but the increase range is different. The soil erosion was studied under different environmental background conditions and watershed zoning in the study area during the past 30 years. The environmental background factors affecting soil erosion, such as altitude, slope and land use and cover type, were analyzed in GIS. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion under non-environmental background were analyzed statistically. The results show that the land use type is mainly dryland area, the area between 150-250 m above sea level and the area with slope of 5-15 掳is the area with the most serious soil erosion. (4) based on the analysis of landscape characteristics of small watershed, the land use type is mainly dryland area, and the area with slope of 5-15 掳is the most serious area of soil erosion. The correlation analysis between soil particle size and soil erosion modulus was carried out. The results showed that the higher the proportion of soil particle size composition was between 35-220 渭 m, the lower the average soil erosion modulus was, and the higher the proportion of soil particle size composition interval was. The larger the soil erosion modulus is. Different landscape types and soil erosion modulus were analyzed. The results showed that paddy field, woodland, grassland and swamp were the effective land types to control soil erosion, while dry land and unused land were positively correlated with soil erosion modulus. The landscape index and erosion modulus were analyzed. The results showed that the greater the degree of fragmentation, the smaller the soil erosion modulus, the positive correlation between aggregation index and soil erosion process, and the significant negative correlation between diversity index and erosion modulus.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S157.1

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