中国古代文论“观”范畴的方法论研究

发布时间：2018-05-20 14:15

本文选题：观 + 方法论　；参考：《广西师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 范畴是对具体事物进行抽象概括的结果,是一门学科中内涵稳定、意义深广、具有限定性和普适性的概念。元范畴是把握理论体系及要素构成的枢纽。“观”作为一个重要的元范畴,体现中国古人观察的视角和方法,有其独特的方法论意义。本文试图从方法论的角度来研究“观”范畴,在语义学分析的基础上发掘其内涵,进而从哲学方法论、文学创作方法论、文学接受方法论三个方面考察,并思考其现代意义,凸现其独特的理论品格。首先对“观”字作语义学分析,并发掘其内涵。“观”的本义是目视。“观”在其本义的基础上,又引伸为观赏等义。“观”这个元范畴有丰富的内涵:其一,“观”是圣人之见,突出了认识主体的有意识的作用;其二,“观”是一种本质洞察,可以由表及里,由现象看到本质,从一事物看出与之相联的其它事物;其三,“观”的视野广博,视觉动态,即仰观俯察;其四,“观”是一种心灵体悟。总之,“观”有精微深刻的内容,是一个综合的复杂的多面体,而且应用广泛,富有持久的活力和延展力。其次,从哲学方法论而言,儒、道、释是中国影响最大的哲学流派,对艺术生命意义的滋养极其深厚,都注重对“道”的发挥,而“道”的最为复杂的形而上层面的意义在这些不同的哲学派别的理论和观念中的表现也千差万别,因此它们对“道”的解说的哲学基础不同,方法不同,角度不同,意义也各不相同。儒家坚持朴素的唯物观,提出“感物说”;而道家提倡“心斋”,“观”因此是一种用心灵去体察“道”的方式,即荡涤心中既有的认知和欲求,摒除人的官能感知,使心灵不染一点世间尘杂,收视反听,斋心诚戒,静观内省,去情去欲,以至于“坐忘”,在澄明空灵的境界中以内心直观的方式通览万物,从而达到对道的直接体认和把握;释家思考问题的主要方法是一种“止观”、“妙悟”,也就是说,佛禅之“观”就是要返回空灵的精神王国,靠直观感悟达到明心见性。再次,“观”从创作方法论角度而言,本着天人合一的哲学观,在心物交融的主客体关系中,形成“以我观物”、“以物观物”、“物我两忘”三种方法论。其一,“以我观物”是“著我之色彩”的创作方法,主体以主观情感的有色眼镜去观物,主体的情感外射使“物”带上了“我”的色彩;其二,“以物观物”的本质是一种物化,是“我”顺应于“物”,即把自己化为天地万物,从而与之同化的直觉体悟;其三,“物我两忘”,既非“以我观物”,也非“以物观物”,而是主体与客体在两忘中互相消解、融合,这是一种主客体间的双向交流、注重物我交融的方式。总之,这些方法论揭示了中国人独有的观物方式,蕴含着丰富的文化内涵,表现出强烈的审美活力。复次,在文学接受方法论方面,“观”是有世界、作品、作者和读者交流沟通的基本思维指向的理论范畴。它已融入文学批评的理论体系,普遍运用于文论、乐论、诗论、画论、书论等方面。其一,在鉴赏方法论方面,“博观”、“通观”、“谛观”、“深观”、“圆照”(圆鉴、圆览……)都是重要的方法,要求以全方位的鉴赏方法对文学作品进行周密而完满的观照,要求读者对作品有广泛而深入的了解,深思熟虑,纵横比较,并能融会贯通,从而使文学作品分析更为准确和全面,这体现了对自觉的批评意识和批评方法的追求;其二,“观”在批评方法论方面,注重文学的外部规律,一是以治观文,“观”主要是政治之观,同时也反映了一种历史文学观念,涉及到文学的历史属性和社会属性,是一种社会学批评标准,这在一定程度上反映了文学的本身的特征,总结了文学实践经验,概括了文艺的社会功用;二是“知人论世”,作品受时代环境和作者思想感情的制约,因而对作品的批评就不能脱离作者的思想感情及其所处的社会环境而孤立地进行,只有把时代、作者和作品三者紧密联系起来,才能对作品做出正确的评价。“知人论世”说将“知人”置于关注的中心,要求了解作者的身世、经历、作为,以及个性才能、情趣爱好等方面,经历了由简单、直接地以政治和道德教化观念来“知人论世”,到全面地观察作者的才性、个性、志气、情趣、人格精神的发展过程。最后,“观”的意义不仅对当时和后世的文学理论和文学批评产生了重要的影响,而且在现代语境下,它也具有重要的方法论意义和美学意义。“观”拓展了思维空间和感受范围,体现了审美艺术体验的特质和特征。伴随着中国特色的文论和批评的建构进程,“观”的现代文论和批评的方法论意义日益凸现。
[Abstract]:Category is the result of abstract generalization of specific things. It is a concept of stable connotation, deep meaning, profound meaning, restrictive and universality. The meta category is the hub of grasping the theoretical system and elements. As an important meta category, "view" embodies the perspective and method of the observation of Chinese ancient people, and has its unique methodology. This article tries to study the category of "view" from the perspective of methodology, excavates its connotation on the basis of semantic analysis, and then examines three aspects of philosophical methodology, literary creation methodology, and literary acceptance methodology, and thinks its modern meaning and highlights its unique moral character.
First, we make a semantic analysis of the word "view" and explore its connotation. The original meaning of "view" is visual. "View" has its meaning on the basis of its original meaning. The meta category of "view" has rich connotations: first, "view" is the saints' view, highlighting the conscious role of the cognitive subject; and second, "view" is an essential hole. From the inside, we can see the essence and see the other things associated with it from a thing. Thirdly, No Hirohiro of "view", visual dynamics, that is to look up and look up and down, and fourth, "view" is a kind of spiritual insight. In a word, "view" is a profound and profound content, a comprehensive complex polyhedron, and widely used and enduring. Vitality and extension.
Secondly, from the philosophical methodology, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are the most influential schools of Philosophy in China. They have a profound nourishment for the meaning of art life, and they all pay attention to the "Tao", and the most complex metaphysical meaning of "Tao" is different in the theory and concept of these different philosophical factions. The philosophical basis of the interpretation of "Tao" is different, the method is different, the angle is different, and the meaning is different. The Confucianists insist on the simple materialism and put forward the "sense of thing"; while the Taoist advocates "the heart" and the "view" is a way to observe the "Tao" by the mind, that is to wash away the cognition and desire of the heart, and to remove the perception of the man's function. The soul is not infected with a little world of miscellaneous, unheard of, fast and sincere, watching introspection, going to love, so as to "forget" to read all things in a clear and empty mind by the way of inner intuition, so as to achieve the direct recognition and grasp of the Tao; the main method of thinking about the problem is a kind of "stop" and "realize", that is to say, Buddha Zen. The "concept" is to return to the spiritual realm of the void, and to see clearly through intuition.
Again, "view" from the perspective of creative methodology, in accordance with the philosophy of harmony between heaven and man, in the relationship between the subject and object of the harmony of heart and object, form the three methods of "taking things with me", "looking for things" and "two things I forget". In view of things, the emotional exterior of the subject makes "things" with the color of "me"; secondly, the essence of the object is a materialization. It is "I" conforms to the "thing", that is, to turn itself into the world of all things, and thus assimilate the intuition of the assimilation; and third, "the thing and the two forgets" is neither the "I see the thing" nor "the object", but the Lord, but the Lord, but the Lord. In the two forgetting, the body and the object are dissolved and fused. This is a way of two-way communication between the subject and the object and the way of blending. In a word, the methodology reveals the unique way of view of the Chinese people, contains rich cultural connotations, and shows a strong aesthetic vitality.
In the literature acceptance methodology, "view" is the theoretical category of the basic thinking of the world, the works, the authors and the readers. It has been integrated into the theoretical system of literary criticism, and is widely used in the aspects of literary theory, music theory, poetics, painting theory, and Book Theory. "", "deep view", "round" is an important method. It requires a thorough and full view of literary works with a full range of appreciation methods. It requires readers to have a wide and thorough understanding of the works, deliberation, comparison, and integration, so that the analysis of literary works is more accurate and comprehensive. The pursuit of conscious criticism and method of criticism; secondly, "view" in the criticism methodology, pay attention to the external law of literature, one is to treat the concept of literature, "view" is mainly political view, but also reflects a historical literature concept, involving the historical and social properties of literature, is a standard of social criticism, which is a kind of social criticism standard. To a certain extent, it reflects the characteristics of literature itself, summarizes the experience of literary practice and generalizes the social function of literature and art; two is "understanding the world", the works are restricted by the environment and the author's thoughts and feelings, so the criticism of the works can not be carried out isolated from the author's thoughts and feelings and the social environment in which it is in. In order to make a correct evaluation of the works, we can make a correct evaluation of the work of the times, the author and the three works. The "knowledge of the world" puts the "know man" in the center of concern, and requires understanding the author's life, experience, as well as his personality and interest, and has gone through a simple, direct political and moral concept of "knowing people". To observe the development process of the writer's talent, personality, ambition, interest and personality spirit.
Finally, the meaning of "view" not only has an important influence on the literary theory and literary criticism of the time and later generations, but also in the modern context, it also has important methodological and aesthetic significance. "View" extends the space of thinking and the range of feelings and embodies the characteristics and characteristics of aesthetic art experience. The construction process of literary criticism and criticism has become increasingly prominent in the modern literary criticism and methodology of criticism.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：I0-03

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