荣格原型理论初探

发布时间：2018-06-27 01:11

本文选题：荣格 + 原型　；参考：《山东师范大学》2000年硕士论文

【摘要】： 荣格是“20世纪最伟大的思想家之一”，他的思想不仅与我们所处的时代密切相关，而且已经对我们这个世纪的思想产生了巨大的影响。他将其理论视角指向人类心理深处，以原型来诠释人类文化，并为文学研究拓展了新的领域。本文拟追寻原型理论的历史渊源，探讨其本质特征及丰富内涵，并追踪原型理论对中外文论的影响。全文共分四部分：第一部分追溯荣格原型理论的提出及历史渊源。荣格的原型在其整个理论体系中具有重要意义。它是荣格理论的重要环节，是从集体无意识到具体事物之间的中介。荣格不满意弗洛伊德用性欲来解释人的一些意识行为。他把人的无意识分成两个部分：个人无意识和集体无意识，集体无意识处在人类心理的最底层，很难觉察到，但是人的一些重要行为或意识却根源于它。荣格认识到从集体无意识不可能直接过渡到具体事物，这之间必须有一种过渡结构，荣格选用了“原型”作为中介。其实，荣格的原型理论是在西方有关理论的影响下提出来的。西方古典神学、哲学，柏拉图的“理式”及康德的“构架”都给荣格重大启示。柏拉图认为理式是一切事物的最终决定者，他的理式具有两种含义：统辖一切的最高理式和事物各自的理式。康德认为在范畴（纯概念）与具体事物之间跨度太大，人类认识很难直接发生。他提出，人类之所以能认识事物是因为在先验的“知性纯粹概念”即范畴与具体事物之间存在着一个第三者——“构架”，它兼具范畴和具体事物的某些特征，从而使得范畴能够应用于“现象”即具体事物。荣格的原型就是从以上几种见解中得到启示才提出来的。第二部分着重探讨原型的丰富涵义和特征。荣格的原型理论不同于以往有关理论的地方在于它不是有关认识论的而是有关无意识的；它研究的是人类的心理结构，力求通过对人类心理的研究来探讨人类完善自身的途径。他的原型自然就具有了与前人不同的涵义：既有形式的涵义又有内容的成分，是处于集体无意识和具体事物之间的“居间者”。因此，它不是具体意象，而是具有图式特征。因为原型是一个中介，所以它不属于处于浑沦状态的集体无意识也不是具体事物，难以辨认，具有模糊性。原型又是全体人类不分地理环境、不分历史条件都具有的，且古今一致，所以具有永恒性和普遍性。第三部分着重探讨荣格原型理论对西方文艺理论的影响以及它与李泽厚的积淀说的深层联系。荣格原型理论的影响主要表现在两个方面：在西方，弗莱借鉴了荣格原型理论厚重的历史感，创立了神话原型批评，为文学批评赢得了独立的地位：在中国，李泽厚借鉴了前人理论的有关方面，提出了积淀说，把对人性的探讨与人的心理结构结合起来，对人类心理结构的形成提出了新的看法，认为人类的心理结构不是由遗传，而是在社会实践中慢慢形成的。从而提出建立新的、健康的人性的建设性意见。第四部分是对荣格原型理论的评价。认为至少有以下三种积极意义：第一，它是一种综合研究，集文学、历史、哲学、心理学、考古学等于一体，显出一种宏阔的视野。这是作为一个学者应有的品格之一，对我们不无启示。第二，它提供了一种全新的艺术本质论。原型理论对文学本质的认识不同于以往的摹仿论、反映论或表现论，它认为艺术是原型的显现，是生命的真实表达，艺术不是个人的自我渲泄，而是人类心灵深处的原型的表达，所以它昭示的是全人类共同的生命之源。第三，原型理论解释了文学具有永恒魁力和模糊多义性的原因。原型在艺术中的显现不是直接的，而是以象征的方式，因此具有了多义性和模糊性。荣格原型理论的缺陷也是很明显的。它过分强调了原型的作用，忽视了个体的独立性和创造性，忽视了只有从个体出发才能到达集体，超越自我的事实，所以造成了个体与集体之间不可弥补的裂痕。荣格原型理论的缺陷还在于，，他没有对原型的历史生成进行科学、严密的论证。他只是类比于本能，推测出原型的存在，自始至终没有把原型放到社会实践中来检验、论证，所以具有神秘性和非理性倾向。
[Abstract]:Carl Jung is one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth Century. His thoughts are not only related to our position.
The times are closely related, and have already had a great influence on the thought of our century.
From the theoretical perspective to the depths of human psychology, we use archetype to interpret human culture and study literature.
The research has expanded the new field. This article intends to trace the historical origin of archetypal theory and discuss its essential characteristics.
And enrich the connotation and trace the influence of prototype theory on Chinese and foreign literary theory.
The full text is divided into four parts: the first part traces back to Carl Jung's archetypal theory and its historical origin.
Carl Jung's archetype is of great significance in his whole theoretical system. It is an important part of Carl Jung's theory.
Festival is the intermediary between collective unconsciousness and concrete things. Carl Jung is not satisfied with Freud's usability.
He explains human consciousness and behavior. He divides human unconscious into two parts: personal unintentional.
Knowledge and collective unconsciousness, the collective unconscious is at the bottom of human psychology, it is hard to perceive, but
Some important behaviors or consciousness of human beings are rooted in it. Carl Jung realized that from collective unconsciousness
There must be a transitional structure between direct transition to specific things, and Carl Jung chose "original".
In fact, Carl Jung's archetypal theory is put forward under the influence of western theories.
Western classical theology, philosophy, Platon's "rationale" and Kant's "architecture" are all given.
Carl Jung is a great inspiration. Platon thinks that Li is the final decision maker of all things.
There are two meanings: governing all the highest principles and their respective rationale.
(pure concept) and the span between specific things is too large. It is difficult for human cognition to happen directly.
The reason why human beings can understand things is the transcendental "pure concept of knowledge", namely, category.
There is a third "structure" between specific things, which has both categories and specific things.
So that the category can be applied to "phenomena", that is, concrete things. Carl Jung's original
Type is derived from these insights.
The second part focuses on the rich connotation and characteristics of archetype. Carl Jung's prototype theory is different from that of archetype.
The theory in the past is that it is not about epistemology, but about unconsciousness.
The study of human psychological structure seeks to explore the perfection of human beings through the study of human psychology.
His prototype is naturally different from predecessors.
Another element of content is the "intermediary" between collective unconscious and concrete things.
This is not a concrete image but a schematic feature, because the prototype is an intermediary.
It does not belong to the collective unconscious in the state of being muddy, nor is it concrete, difficult to identify and possess.
Fuzziness. Prototypes are all human beings regardless of geographical environment, regardless of historical conditions.
It is consistent in ancient and modern times, so it is perpetual and universal.
The third part focuses on the influence of Carl Jung's archetypal theory on Western literary theory and its relationship with Li.
The influence of Carl Jung's archetypal theory is mainly manifested in two aspects:
In the west, Frye used Carl Jung's archetypal theory to build up a prototype of mythology.
Commentary has won an independent position for Literary Criticism: in China, Li Zehou used the theory of predecessors for reference.
On the other hand, the theory of accumulation is put forward, which combines the exploration of human nature with the psychological structure of human beings.
A new view is put forward on the formation of human psychological structure.
Instead, it is gradually formed in social practice, thus putting forward the establishment of new and healthy human nature.
Constructive comments.
The fourth part is the evaluation of Carl Jung's archetypal theory. There are at least three positive ideas.
Yi: first, it is a comprehensive study which integrates literature, history, philosophy, psychology and archaeology.
It is one of the qualities that a scholar should have.
There is no enlightenment for us. Second, it provides a completely new theory of the essence of art.
The understanding of literary essence is different from the theory of imitation, reflection or expressionism.
The appearance of the prototype is the real expression of life, and art is not the self discharge of the individual, but the human.
The expression of archetype in the heart, so it shows the source of the common life of all mankind.
Three, archetype theory explains why literature has eternal power and ambiguity.
The appearance of art is not direct, but symbolic, so it has a polysemy and a pattern.
The defect of Carl Jung's prototype theory is also obvious. It overemphasizes the role of archetype.
Neglecting the independence and creativity of individuals, ignoring the ability to reach the collective only by individuals.
The fact that transcends oneself has created an irreparable breach between the individual and the collective. Carl Jung
The defect of the theory is that he did not scientifically and strictly discuss the historical formation of the archetype.
He is only analogous to his instinct, speculates the existence of archetype, and does not put prototype into practice from beginning to end.
In social practice, it is mysterious and irrational.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2000
【分类号】：I022

【参考文献】