撒拉语形态研究

发布时间：2018-05-19 23:10

本文选题：撒拉语 + 形态　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以科姆里的《语法调查研究手册》为基本框架,努力将撒拉语形态置身于世界语言的变异范围内来考察。同时,吸收传统语法研究尤其是突厥语研究的理论与方法,以体现撒拉语形态自身特点为语法描写与分析的首要原则。本文以青海省循化撒拉族自治县街子地区的大部分撒拉族所说语言为具体研究对象。全文共分8章。第1章为绪论。介绍了本文的研究对象、目的与意义,理论指导与研究方法,语料的收集,简要回顾了前人对撒拉语形态研究的情况,解释了本文所使用的拼写符号；介绍了撒拉族居住环境,历史来源,社会组织与文化,语言使用情况等。第2章为名词部分。探讨了黏着性词缀、附缀词缀、后置词、语序、派生法等名词短语语法属性的表达手段；主语、宾语、补足语、话题、焦点等句法功能的形态表现；“绝对”结构、不定式、动名词等非限定结构中的相关成分；空间和时间语义功能的表达方式；格范畴、数范畴、性与类、有定与无定等；派生、复合、谐音等名词的构成方式。第3章为代词部分。分析了人称代词的出现位置、强制与可选特点,在进行对比与强调时以及特指问中的使用情况,普通代词的人称和数范畴,特殊代词co的特点,代词与数词组合情况；介绍了疑问代词的数和格的范畴、功能及其与数词的组合情况；介绍不定代词的构成方式,bir、 sen、 kis、 kisi等词的用法；介绍了反身代词、相互代词、领属代词、指示代词、肯定代词、否定代词等的特点,并重点探讨了diu、 su等词的实际用法及来源等。第4章为动词部分。分析了动词的基本态、反身态、使动态、交互—共同态等态范畴,探讨了撒拉语中是否存在用动词形态表现的被动态；分析了陈述式、条件式、祈使式等式范畴,系统梳理了动词时体表现手段、情态的表现方法、传据范畴的特点等；介绍了形动词、动名词、副动词等非限定动词的特点；分析了动词的构成情况。第5章为形容词部分。讨论了形容词的分类、关系形容词的构成方式、复合词、谐音词等；介绍了形容词的原级、比较级、最高级、过量级等级范畴；介绍了形容词名物化的特点。第6章为数词和量词部分。介绍了基数词、序数词、集合数词、约数词、分数词等,数词在现代撒拉族社会中的运用情况；介绍了量词的分类及其特点等。第7章为不变化词部分。描述了表示时间、频率、程度、范围、状态等的副词形式；分析了支配向格、从格、主格、工具格等的后置词,探讨了后置词的来源问题；描述了表示并列、选择、转折等意义的连词；归纳和总结了疑问、加强、祈使等语气词；介绍了叹词与摹拟词的特点等。第8章为余论部分。通过和亲属语言的对比,归纳了撒拉语在形态方面一些特点,如：名词短语的有定与无定标记,动词传据范畴的二元对立现象,数词出现的位置、集合数词的表达方法以及数词功能的逐步丧失,形容词的最高级表达手段,co等一些特殊代词的特点,撒拉语中保存古老的古代突厥语特点等；和其他突厥语相比,撒拉语缺乏某些形态变化,如：撒拉语构词法中没有维吾尔语等语言中所具有的来自波斯语的一些前缀及其他构词成分,没有许多现代突厥语所具有的表示否定意义的-sXz,撒拉语缺乏其他突厥语用动词形态表示的被动态,没有动词的人称变化,名词的领属附加成分不分单复数,甚至个别地区的撒拉语中连名词的领属成分也已经消失等。自撒拉族13世纪离开中亚突厥语中心区到青藏高原后,撒拉语就走上了独特的发展道路。撒拉语中保留有丰富的古代突厥语成分,这对构建突厥语发展史尤其是乌古斯语组的发展史具有重要意义,同时,撒拉语在青藏高原和汉藏语的接触,使它形成了其他突厥语所没有的一些特点。撒拉语可以说是突厥语和汉藏语接触的非常生动的一个实例。因此,撒拉语在语言学等方面的价值是毋庸置疑的。但是,撒拉语已被联合国教科文组织确定为濒危语言,根据国内研究情况,撒拉语目前的发展也确实不容乐观。对撒拉语的记录、保存、研究等方面有许多工作要做,本文就是从形态方面入手,根据长期的田野调查资料,以及和亲属语言的对比,对撒拉语作了较为详细而深入的研究,希望能对撒拉语的保护与研究工作尽一份绵薄之力。
[Abstract]:In this paper, this article takes the grammatical survey research manual as the basic framework, and tries to study the Sara form in the variation of the world language. At the same time, it absorbs the theories and methods of the traditional grammar research, especially the Turkic language research, in order to embody the principal principle of the Salar language's own characteristics as the grammatical description and analysis. The majority of Salar people in the sub district of Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, hai province, say the language is a specific object of study. The full text is divided into 8 chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction. It introduces the object of the study, the purpose and significance, the theoretical guidance and research methods, the collection of the corpus, briefly reviews the previous studies on the Sala language, explains the spelling symbols used in this article, and introduces the Sala living environment, the historical origin, the social organization and culture, and the use of language.
The second chapter is a part of noun. It discusses the expressions of the grammatical attributes of noun phrases such as adherent affixes, affixes, postposition words, word order, derivation, and other syntactic functions of the subject, object, complement, topic, focus and so on; the related elements in the unrestricted structures such as "absolute" structure, infinitive, and Gerund; space and time language. The expression of semantic function; lattice category, number category, sex and class, definite and indefinite; derivative, compound, homonym and other nouns.
The third chapter is the part of the pronoun. It analyzes the position of the pronoun, the compulsion and the optional features, the use of the contrast and emphasis, the use of the special question, the person and the number category of the ordinary pronoun, the special pronoun Co, the combination of the pronoun and the numerals, the category of the number and the lattice of the doubtful pronoun, the function and the number of words. It introduces the form of the indefinite pronoun, the usage of the words of bir, Sen, kis and KISI, and introduces the reflexive pronoun, the mutual pronoun, the leading pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the affirmative pronoun, the negative pronoun and so on, and focuses on the practical usage and source of the words of DIU, Su and so on.
The fourth chapter is the part of the verb. It analyzes the basic state of the verb, the reflexive state, the dynamic, the interaction and the common state category, and explores the existence of the verb form in the Sala language, and analyzes the declarative, conditional and imperative equality categories, and systematically combs the means of expression of the verb, the expression of modality, and the category of the communication. The characteristics of non finite verbs, such as form verbs, gerund verbs, auxiliary verbs, etc., are introduced. The composition of verbs is analyzed.
The fifth chapter is the adjective part. It discusses the classification of adjectives, the form of the relation adjectives, the compound words, the homonym and so on. It introduces the original, comparative, superlative, and excessive level category of adjectives, and introduces the characteristics of the nominalization of adjectives.
The sixth chapter is the numeral and the quantifier part. It introduces the application of the cardinal number word, the ordinal number, the set numeral, the number word, the fractional word and the numerals in the modern Sarah society, and introduces the classification and the characteristics of the quantifier.
The seventh chapter is the part of the non change word. It describes the form of adverbs expressing time, frequency, degree, scope, state, etc., analyzes the postposition of dominating the grid, from the lattice, the main lattice, the tool grid and so on, discusses the source of the postposition, and describes the conjunctions that represent the significance of juxtaposition, selection and turning, and summing up and summing up the interrogative, strengthening, imperative and so on. It introduces the characteristics of the interjection and the imitative words.
The eighth chapter is the remaining part. By comparing with the relative language, some characteristics of the Sara language are summed up, such as the definite and indefinite mark of the noun phrase, the two yuan antagonism in the category of the verb, the position of the numeral, the expression method of the set numeral and the gradual loss of the function of the numerals, and the most advanced expression of the adjective. The characteristics of some special pronouns, such as CO, which preserve the ancient Turkic characteristics of the ancient Turkic language; compared with other Turkic languages, the Sara lacks some morphological changes, such as the prefix and other composition of the Persian language in the Sara word formation without Uygur language, and there are not many modern Turkic languages. With the negative meaning of -sXz, Sara lacks the dynamics of other Turkic pragmatic verb forms, without the change of the verb, the additional elements of the nouns, and even the subordinate elements of the nouns in the Sala language.
Since the Sara left the Central Central Asian Turkic central region in thirteenth Century to the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Sarah had a unique development path. The Sala language retained rich ancient Turkic components, which was of great significance for the development of the history of the Turkic language, especially in the uqus group, and the Sala language was connected to the Tibetan Plateau and the Tibetan language. The Sala language can be said to be a very vivid example of the Turkic and Chinese Tibetan Languages. Therefore, the Sala language is unquestionable in Linguistics and other aspects. However, the Sara has been identified by the UNESCO as an endangered language, according to domestic research. There is a lot of work to be done about the development of the language at present. There is a lot of work to be done in the aspects of the Sala language, such as record, preservation, research and so on. This article is a more detailed and in-depth study of Sala from the aspect of morphology, according to the long-term field survey data and the comparison with the language of relatives, hoping to protect and study the Sara language. Do a little bit of effort.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H232

【参考文献】