汉语死亡委婉语的生成机制：转喻与隐喻视角

发布时间：2018-06-14 21:20

本文选题：汉语死亡委婉语 + 隐喻　；参考：《西南大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：委婉语作为语言学中的一个普遍话题引起了众中外多学者的关注,前人对此的研究已取得较大的成果。本文从认知语言学视角切入,并着眼于委婉语中的一个特殊类别——汉语死亡委婉语进行分析。作为一种自然的生理现象,死亡具有不可避免性,没有人能够达到永生。死亡的不可逆转性使其成为人生令人最为痛苦的现实。死亡意味人或动物生命永远的终止,在东西方文化中都是人们禁忌语。正因如此,各种间接的、回避的、模糊的委婉语被广泛应用以代替“死亡”一词。中国文化的丰富性与多样性决定了汉语中死亡委婉语的丰富性。汉语死亡委婉语由于其深刻的文化内涵而显得更为复杂,可以揭示死者的宗教信仰,社会地位,身份和死者的特点并表现出说话者与死者的关系。尽管如此,汉语死亡委婉语的研究还是相对缺乏,并有待进一步的深入研究。因此,本文以认知语言学的转喻和隐喻为理论框架,探讨汉语死亡委婉语的生成机制及本质,以期为相关研究提供补充和借鉴。根据本文的研究分析,主要得出以下结论：转喻模型及隐喻模型为委婉语的生成提供了认知基础。转喻认知模型的基础是事物之间的邻近性,通过两个事物间的邻近性或关联性建立事物之间的替代关系,实现同一概念域内的映射过程。由于事物间的邻近性较为客观,会对转喻形成一定限制,因此在汉语死亡委婉语中转喻所占比例较小。从转喻角度来看,汉语死亡委婉语主要包括两类：一为整体与部分转喻关系构成,二为部分与部分转喻关系构成。用“呼吸停止”或“心脏停止跳动”等死者的生理特征及变化来代替死亡相关词汇即为通过部分代替整体转喻机制形成委婉语的典型实例。隐喻认知模型的基础是事物之间的相似性。隐喻也是一个映射过程,但此映射是从始发域到目标域的映射过程,只要两个事物间存在相似性,隐喻便可实现。相似性是由人的主观想象与联想形成,使隐喻相对转喻更为主观,更易实现。因此大部分的汉语死亡委婉语是通过隐喻形成的。汉语中的死亡委婉语隐喻主要包括：死亡即沉睡或休息,死亡即离开,死亡即旅途终点,死亡即植物枯萎等。
[Abstract]:As a common topic in linguistics, euphemism has attracted the attention of many scholars at home and abroad. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, this paper focuses on the analysis of Chinese death euphemism, a special category of euphemism. As a natural physiological phenomenon, death is inevitable, no one can achieve eternal life. The irreversibility of death makes it the most painful reality in life. Death means the end of human or animal life forever. It is taboo in both Eastern and Western cultures. As a result, indirect, evasive, vague euphemisms are widely used in place of the word "death". The richness and diversity of Chinese culture determine the richness of death euphemisms in Chinese. Chinese death euphemism is more complex because of its profound cultural connotation, which can reveal the religious belief, social status, identity and characteristics of the deceased and show the relationship between the speaker and the deceased. However, the study of Chinese death euphemism is still relatively lacking and needs further study. Therefore, this paper takes metonymy and metaphor in cognitive linguistics as the theoretical framework to explore the formation mechanism and nature of Chinese death euphemism, in order to provide a supplement and reference for relevant studies. According to the analysis of this thesis, the following conclusions are drawn: metonymy model and metaphorical model provide cognitive basis for euphemism. Metonymy cognitive model is based on the proximity of things. By establishing the substitution relationship between two things, the mapping process within the same conceptual domain is realized. Because the proximity between things is more objective, it will restrict metonymy, so the proportion of metonymy in Chinese death euphemism is relatively small. From the perspective of metonymy, Chinese death euphemism mainly consists of two categories: one is the relationship between the whole and part of metonymy, the other is the relationship between part and part of metonymy. Replacing the death related words with the physiological characteristics and changes of the dead, such as "breathing stop" or "heart stop beating", is a typical example of euphemism formed by partially replacing the whole metonymy mechanism. The metaphorical cognitive model is based on the similarity of things. Metaphor is also a mapping process, but this mapping is a mapping process from the origin domain to the target domain. Metaphor can be realized as long as there is similarity between the two things. Similarity is formed by human's subjective imagination and association, which makes metaphor more subjective and easier to realize than metonymy. Therefore, most Chinese death euphemisms are formed by metaphor. The metaphor of death euphemism in Chinese mainly includes: death is sleeping or resting, death is leaving, death is the end of the journey, and death is the withering of plants.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H15

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