巴塘县中心绒土语研究

发布时间：2018-08-23 10:31

【摘要】：本文研究的中心绒土语属于藏语康方言南路次方言土语群中的土语之一,这个土语群中除了巴塘土语,其它都属于国内外语言研究的“处女”之地,至今无人描写研究。本人的故乡中心绒位于甘孜藏族自治州巴塘县南区,与云南迪庆县的羊拉乡、西藏自治区的芒康县相邻。中心绒土语与云南德钦,西藏芒康县的盐井、索多西乡的土语很接近,而与巴塘县城区、北区话之间在语音上存在一定的差异,因此被当地的人称之为“绒话”即农区话。中心绒土语属于康南次方言中的一种土语,其语音形态和词汇结构等和康方言中的其他土语有一定的共性,同时,在具体的音变模式和发展趋势、语音系统和词汇构造方面存在一定的差异性。本文重点研究中心绒土语的语音和词汇的存在形式和演变规律,这不仅对将来深入认识、研究中心绒土语的语音系统和词汇系统奠定了基础,而且为藏语的历史演变和共时关系的研究提供了丰富的素材,进而对藏族历史、文化的研究具有极高的学术价值。同时,通过中心绒土语和古藏文的比较研究,理清古藏文到中心绒土语的历史演变过程,了解中心绒土语音系和词汇结构,对于当地藏文教材和藏语文的教学,汉语普通话的教学都有很大的实用意义。本文主要用描写语言学的调查方法,前后在当地亲自做了三次调查,收集了中心绒土语四千多个词条,从音系学、音位学的角度,对中心绒土语的语音系统进行全面的整理、归纳。采用文献比较、历史语言学的比较构拟方法,在梳理和总结了藏文传统文法研究中对于藏语语音和词汇的结构特点和具体语音的构拟方面的重要观点的基础上,主要根据藏文传统文法里比较权威的《司都文法大释》和《色多藏文文法》两部典籍里关于古藏语语音系统和结构的一些重要看法,并用敦煌文献、吐蕃会盟碑、西番译语等不同时时代的语音材料为佐证,构拟了古藏语的语音系统,进而比较中心绒土语和古藏语的语音系统之间的异同,揭示了中心绒土语的演变方式和过程。最后从词汇学的角度,分析描写了中心绒土语名词、形容词、动词等词类的结构类型。因此,本文最大的特点是结合现代语言学和藏文传统文法,详尽地描写了中心绒土语的语音和词汇的结构特点,进而揭示了中心绒土语语音的演变方式。本文包括前言由四部分构成,前言部分简要梳理了藏语方言的划分问题,认为中心绒土语属于康南次方言中的一种土语,并详细阐述了本文研究的方法和现状。其余三章为正文。第一章主要从音系学和音位学的角度,对中心绒土语的音系进行整理和归纳,并加以解释说明。由于中心绒土语的历史演变的条件,以及自然环境和与外界交流程度等因素的不同,在具体的音变方式和结构形式上有其自身的特点。中心绒土语有四十个辅音和十八个元音、四个声调。从整体上看,中心绒土语的元音、辅音及声调有其他藏语方言所具有的共性,但从具体的语音形式上看,中心绒土语共有二十个具有独立音位意义的元音。这二十个元音具有：在四个声调中的分布具有一定的互补性,元音的长短和声调的长短相关,鼻音化程度较高,出现松紧元音对立的趋势等特点。中心绒土语的辅音具有擦音和塞音、塞擦音都有清浊与送气不送气的区别,鼻辅音有清化非清化之别。中心绒土语的声调具有高低、长短之别,并有很明显的“清高浊低”的特点。其音节结构单一。本章最后还对中心绒土语元音、辅音和声调的搭配关系和条件变化进行了细致的归纳描写。第二章主要根据《司都文法大释》和《色多藏文文法》,以及不同时期的一些藏文文献资料,对古藏语语音的音位和结构进行适当的构拟、阐述。通过对古藏语语音系统和中心绒土语声韵调的比较,认为古藏语前、后置辅音的简化方式有自然音变和条件音变两种,音变的结果直接导致了中心绒土语辅音音位的增多和声调的产生。本章第一节根据《司都文法大释》和《色多藏文文法》,认为古藏文元音有五个音位,其中对元音[a]是否元音音位和古藏文有无复合元音的问题,认为元音[a]在藏文里没有相应的书写符号,是因为该元音在藏文书写系统里属于无标记性,其余四个是有标记性的。因此,古藏文中这个“默认”的元音音位,并不是一直以为的古藏文喉塞辅音“(?)”[?]。对于古藏文的辅音,从发音方法和发音部位的角度,进行严谨的比对,认为古藏文依据梵文划分辅音性质的方法,完全吻合现代语言学的语音划分原理,具有科学性。古藏文有庞大的复辅音系统,本文对古藏文前置辅音和后置辅音的字性,即前后置辅音和基本辅音结合时的条件变化进行了讨论,认为古藏语的前置辅音的互补性和清浊特性,是因为受到基本辅音的语音特征的影响,而后置辅音和基本辅音结合的时候,应该发成相应的清辅音的音,并用文献材料进行证明。本章第二节通过古藏语语音系统和中心绒土语声韵调的比较,探索中心绒土语声韵调和古藏文音系之间的因果联系,指出中心绒土语声韵调的演变过程和方式。认为中心绒土语的元音系统和声调的长短是古藏语的元音在后置辅音的“推动”下,逐渐变化而形成的。其中,对中心绒土语中元音的松紧、鼻化特征的演变机制和趋势,进行了详细的讨论。认为中心绒土语的元音[a?][γ?]虽然从来源上看两个都属于古藏语后置辅音[g]的“遗产”,然而从演变的方式上看[a?]是古藏语后置辅音[g]使前面的元音[(?)]前化而形成的元音[a],而元音[γ?]实际上接近双元音[(?)],但从这两个元音和相应的元音[a][γ]进行比较的话,元音[a?][γ?]的最大特征是发音时喉咙紧缩,因此认为这两个元音正这体现了中心绒土语的元音逐渐向松紧元音的对立的方向发展的趋势。中心绒土语的鼻化元音主要分布在长调里,但有比部分也出现在短调中,而前者主要来源于古藏语的鼻音后置辅音,后者却来源于古藏语的鼻辅音基字。中心绒土语辅音系统和声调的高低是受古藏语五个前置辅音和四个复辅音介音的影响而形成的。认为中心绒土语的浊辅音都来自古藏语的前置辅音,六个带鼻冠辅音是古藏语前置辅音[m]和[(?)]的影响而形成的,而四个清化鼻音和一个清化边音乃是古藏语前置辅音[s]的影响而形成的。基于以上几方面的讨论,认为中心绒土语的声调,不是前后置辅音的简化而产生那么简单,而是古藏语的前后置辅音和基本辅音共同演变的结果。第三章主要把中心绒土语的词汇分为单音节词汇和复合音节词汇两部分,并对中心绒土语的名词、形容词、动词、代词的构词结构进行细致的描写,认为中心绒土语的构词结构以双音节词为其主要的表现形式。中心绒土语的名词有单音节词和由两个或两个以上的单音节词构成的复合词,本文对复合名词的主谓式、动宾式、并列式等结构进行了细致地描写。中心绒土语的形容词也有单音节和复合词两种,本文主要对四音格形式的形容词和后缀结构的形容词进行了细致的描写,并对用重叠的方式来表示级范畴的形式做了详细的介绍。动词是中心绒土语最核心的词类,有单音节和多音节两类,多音节动词主要由是基本动词之后加特定的助词的结构和两个动词或名词加动词的结构组成,其中动词之后加特定助词的动词使用广泛。中心绒土语的动词的时态已经完成了从屈折式形态到分析式形态的变化,但是动词的自主与非自主、自动与使动的范畴仍然使用内部屈折变形态,本文对中心绒土语动词的以上结构形态做了详细的介绍。除此之外,本章最后还对中心绒土语的代词和数量词的结构形态也做了详细的说明。
[Abstract]:The central cashmere dialect studied in this paper belongs to one of the local dialects of the sub-dialects of the southern route of the Kang dialect in Tibet. Apart from the Batang dialect, all the other local dialects belong to the "virgin" place of language research at home and abroad. So far, no one has studied them. The central cashmere of my hometown is located in the Southern District of Batang County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Diqing County, Yunnan Province The Yangla Township is adjacent to the Mangkang County of Tibet Autonomous Region. The central cashmere dialect is very close to the local dialects of Yunnan Deqin County, Yanjing County of Mangkang County, and Sodoxi Township of Tibet. There are some differences in pronunciation between the central cashmere dialect and the northern dialect of Batang County, so it is called "cashmere dialect" by the local people. The phonetic form and vocabulary structure of a native language have some similarities with other native languages in Kang dialect. At the same time, there are some differences in the specific phonetic change pattern and development trend, phonetic system and vocabulary structure. In the future, the research center will lay a foundation for the study of the phonetic and lexical systems of the Cashmere dialect, and provide rich materials for the study of the historical evolution and synchronic relations of the Tibetan language, thus having a very high academic value for the study of Tibetan history and culture. It is of great practical significance to understand the phonetic system and vocabulary structure of the central cashmere dialect in the teaching of the local Tibetan textbooks and the Tibetan language.This paper mainly uses the method of descriptive linguistics to make three investigations and collects the central cashmere dialect four. From the perspective of phonology and phonology, more than 1000 entries have been sorted out and summarized comprehensively on the phonetic system of the central cashmere dialect. By using the methods of literature comparison and historical linguistics, this paper has sorted out and summarized the important concepts in the study of Tibetan traditional grammar concerning the structural features of Tibetan phonetics and vocabulary and the construction of specific phonetics. On the basis of the above points, this paper mainly draws up some important opinions on the phonetic system and structure of ancient Tibetan in the two classics of Sidu Grammar and Seduo Tibetan Grammar, which are more authoritative in Tibetan traditional grammar. It also draws up the phonetic pronunciation of ancient Tibetan with the pronunciation materials of different times such as Dunhuang documents, the tablet of Tubo League, the Spanish-Spanish translation, etc. Finally, from the perspective of lexicology, this paper analyzes and describes the structural types of nouns, adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech in central Cashmere dialect. Grammar describes in detail the phonetic and vocabulary structural characteristics of the central Cashmere dialect, and then reveals the Phonetic Evolution of the central Cashmere dialect. This paper consists of four parts. The preface briefly combs the classification of the Tibetan dialect, and holds that the central Cashmere dialect belongs to one of the local dialects of the Kangnan sub-dialects. The other three chapters are the text. Chapter one is mainly from the angle of phonology and phonology to sort out and summarize the phonology of the central cashmere dialect, and explain it. There are forty consonants, eighteen vowels and four tones in the central Cashmere dialect. On the whole, the vowels, consonants and tones of the central Cashmere dialect have the same characteristics as those of other Tibetan dialects, but there are twenty independent phonemes in the central Cashmere dialect. These twenty vowels have the following characteristics: the distribution of the four tones is complementary to each other; the length of the vowels is related to the length of the tones; the degree of nasalization is relatively high; the tendency of opposition of the tighter vowels appears; the consonants of the central fluffy dialect have fricative and stopper sounds; the stopper sounds have the distinction between voiceless and unaspirated, and the nasal consonants have The difference between Qinghua and non-Qinghua is that the tones of the central cashmere dialect are high or low, long or short, and have obvious characteristics of "clear, high, turbid and low". The syllable structure of the central cashmere dialect is single. By comparing the phonological system of the ancient Tibetan language with that of the central Cashmere dialect, it is concluded that there are two simplified forms of the pre-and post-consonants in the ancient Tibetan language: the natural and the conditional ones, and the phonetic knots. In the first section of this chapter, according to Sidu Great Explanation of Grammar and Seduo Tibetan Grammar, the ancient Tibetan vowels have five phonemes, including whether vowels [a] have complex vowels or not, and whether vowels [a] have complex vowels in ancient Tibetan. Symbol is because the vowel is unmarked in the Tibetan writing system, and the other four are marked. Therefore, the "default" vowel phoneme in ancient Tibetan is not always thought to be the ancient Tibetan throat stopper consonant "(?)"[?). For the ancient Tibetan consonant, from the point of pronunciation method and pronunciation position, a rigorous comparison is made. It is believed that the ancient Tibetan method of dividing consonants according to Sanskrit fully conforms to the principle of phonological division in modern linguistics and is scientific. Ancient Tibetan has a huge system of polyconsonants. This paper discusses the character of pre-consonants and post-consonants in ancient Tibetan, i.e. the change of conditions when pre-consonants and post-consonants are combined with basic consonants. The complementarity and voicelessness of the pre-consonants of a language are due to the influence of the phonetic characteristics of the basic consonants. When the post-consonants are combined with the basic consonants, the corresponding unaccompanied consonants should be pronounced. This paper points out the evolutionary process and mode of the central cashmere dialect's vowel system and tone. It is believed that the vowel system and tone length of the central cashmere dialect are formed by the gradual change of the vowels of the ancient Tibetan under the "impetus" of the post consonants. The evolutionary mechanism and trend of nasalization are discussed in detail. It is concluded that although the vowels [a?] [gamma?] of central cashmere dialect belong to the "heritage" of the post-consonant [g] of ancient Tibetan from the source, the vowels [a?] are formed by the pre-evolution of the post-consonant [g], and the vowels [a?] Gamma?] is actually close to a diphthong [(?)], but when compared with the corresponding vowels [a] [gamma], the greatest feature of the vowel [a?] [gamma?] is the contraction of the throat in pronunciation. Therefore, it is believed that these two vowels reflect the tendency of the vowels of the central cashmere dialect towards the opposition of the relaxed vowels. Vowels are mainly distributed in long tones, but some of them also appear in short tones. The former mainly comes from the nasal postconsonant of ancient Tibetan, while the latter comes from the nasal consonant of ancient Tibetan. The voiced consonants of central Cashmere dialect are all from the pre-consonants of ancient Tibetan. Six nasal-crowned consonants are formed by the influence of the pre-consonants [m] and [(?)] of ancient Tibetan, while four Qinghua nasals and one Qinghua border consonant are formed by the influence of the pre-consonants [s] of ancient Tibetan. The third chapter mainly divides the vocabulary of the central Cashmere dialect into two parts: monosyllabic vocabulary and compound syllabic vocabulary, and carries on the detailed word-building structure of the nouns, adjectives, verbs and pronouns of the central Cashmere dialect. The nouns of central cashmere dialect are monosyllabic words and compound words composed of two or more monosyllabic words. This paper gives a detailed description of the subject-predicate, verb-object and juxtaposition of compound nouns. There are two kinds of words: monosyllabic and compound. This paper mainly describes the four-syllable adjectives and the adjectives with suffix structure in detail, and introduces in detail the form of using overlap to express the category of level. It consists of a basic verb followed by a specific auxiliary and two verbs or nouns plus verbs, in which the verb followed by a specific auxiliary is widely used. In addition, the pronouns and quantifiers of the central cashmere verbs are also explained in detail at the end of this chapter.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：H214

【共引文献】