汉语二层时体的语义与句法研究

发布时间：2018-04-22 07:12

本文选题：了 + 视点体　；参考：《武汉大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：本文旨在从"了"的角度研究汉语时体系统,通过对比普通话和萍乡方言,明确"了"的分类和意义,分析"了"在视点体和情状体中的作用,从而构建汉语二层时体结构,解释汉语相关语言现象。首先,现代汉语"了 "是情状体终结性标记"了 0"、完整体标记"了1"和完成体标记"了 2"的统一形式,在萍乡方言中分别对应"嘎"、"U1"、"U2"。情状体终结性标记"了 0"在句法分布上具有明显不同于完整体标记"了1的特征,可出现在否定句、祈使句、情态句等完整体标记"了 1"无法出现的语言环境中,在语义上则表示情状的终结。完整体标记"了 1"从外部对情状进行整体性的观察,实现情状所表示的含义。完成体标记"了 2"位于句末,在完整体"了1"表示实现的基础上另有当前相关状态的含义。其次,汉语情状分为状态情状、活动情状和终结情状,单音节动词则只表示状态或活动,如需表达终结情状,句子必须带有动结式复合词,或者带有结果补语等表示结果的成分,或者动词后有终结性标记"了 0"。终结性标记"了 0"出现在单音节动词及相关成分表示的非终结情状中,使之转变为终结情状;也出现在终结情状中,显性表达情状的终结性特征。这一现象证明情状体不仅是词汇层面的概念,更在句法结构中显性表达。再次,汉语具有显性的视点体标记和情状体终结性标记,在句法上实现为两个时体投射的中心语,其结构为[Asp1p spec[Asp1,Asp1[vP spec[v,V[Asp2P spec[Asp2,Asp2[VP spec[v,V...]]]]]]]]。视点体投射为AsP1P,位于vP之上,成分统制整个vP;情状体投射为Asp2P,位于vP和VP之间,句法域涵盖整个VP。对汉语而言,Asp2实现为"了 0",AsP1实现为"了1",动词V出于特征核查的需要,从V提升并左向附接于Asp2,构成"V-了 0"形式,而后提升并附接于AsP1,构成"V-了 0-了1 "形式。宾语基础生成于VP指定语位置,移位至Asp2P指定语位置,受中心语AsP2最大统制,在语义上受其约束,解读为确指含义,强调数量之多。最后,二层时体结构可解释相关语言现象。就表示处置结果或致使结果的把字句而言,在情状体方面必须实现为终结情状,因此在形式上表现为复杂动词短语充当的谓词,如动词后有结果补语、补语从句或终结性标记"了 0"等。另外,把字句宾语从基础生成的VP指定语位置提升至AsP2P指定语位置,在形式上紧邻实现为v的"把",在语义上解读为确指。对时段短语来说,时段短语作为情状的组成部分,给情状提供时间上的界限,使之成为终结情状。在句法上则位于V的补足语位置,在Asp2的计算域之内,可选择性移至AsP2P指定语位置受其中心语最大统制并语义约束,因此既可出现在宾语前,也可出现在宾语后,表示情状中动作或状态的持续时间。另外,当时段短语前面的成分构成一个终结情状时,时段短语可能产生歧义,表示动作完结后状态的的持续时间,在句法上则充当整个句子的谓词。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to study the tense and aspect system of Chinese from the angle of "er". By comparing Putonghua and Pingxiang dialect, this paper clarifies the classification and significance of "er", analyzes the role of "" in the viewpoint and the situation, and constructs the two-tiered tense structure of Chinese. Explain the phenomenon of Chinese related language. First of all, the modern Chinese "Jiao" is the "0", the whole "1" and the complete "2", which correspond to "ga", "U" and "U" in Pingxiang dialect, respectively. In the syntactic distribution of "0", it is obviously different from "1", which can be found in negative sentence, imperative sentence, modal sentence and so on, which can not appear in the language environment where the whole marker "1" can not appear. Semantically, it means the end of the situation. Finish the whole mark "1" from the external to the overall observation of the situation, the realization of the meaning of the situation. The complete aspect marker "2" is located at the end of the sentence, and on the basis of the complete whole "1" indicates the realization, it also has the meaning of the current relevant state. Secondly, the Chinese situation can be divided into the state situation, the activity situation and the final situation, and the monosyllabic verb only means the state or the activity. If it is necessary to express the final situation, the sentence must be accompanied by the verb-resultant compound word. Either elements such as resultant complements indicate results, or the verb is followed by the terminative marker "0". The summative marker "0" appears in the non-terminative situation expressed by monosyllabic verbs and related components, which makes it turn into the final situation, and also appears in the terminative situation, which explicitly expresses the summative feature of the situation. This phenomenon proves that the situation is not only a lexical concept, but also explicit expression in syntactic structure. Thirdly, the Chinese language has the dominant aspect marker and the terminative marker, and is syntactically realized as the head of two temporal aspect projection. Its structure is [Asp1p spec [Asp1 spec [VP spec [Asp2P spec [Asp2Asp2 [VP spec [vv.v.]]]. The viewpoint projection is ASP1P, which is located above VP, and the whole VP is controlled by component, while the shape projection is Asp2P, which lies between VP and VP, and the syntactic field covers the whole VP. For Chinese, the realization of Asp2 is "0" and AsP1 is realized as "1", and the verb V is promoted from V to appended to Asp2 for the need of feature verification, which constitutes "V-0" form, then promoted and attached to ASP1, forming "V-0-1" form. The object is generated from the VP designated position, shifted to the Asp2P designated position, controlled by the AsP2, and is semantically restricted. It is interpreted as a definite meaning, emphasizing as much as possible. Finally, the two-layer tense-aspect structure can explain the related linguistic phenomena. In the case of a word indicating or resulting in the result of disposal, it must be realized as an end in the aspect of the situation, and thus formally expressed as a predicate served by a complex verb phrase, such as a resultant complement after a verb, The complement clause or the concluding clause marks "0" and so on. In addition, to elevate the position of the sentence object from the base VP designation to the position of the AsP2P designator, and to interpret the word "Ba" as "Ba", which is realized as v in form, is interpreted semantically as a positive reference. As a part of the situation, the period phrase provides the time limit for the situation and makes it the end of the situation. Syntactically, it is located in the complement position of V, and can be selectively moved to the position of the specified word of AsP2P within the computational field of Asp2, which is subject to the maximum control of the heart and semantic constraints, so it can appear either before the object or after the object. The duration of an action or state in a situation. In addition, when the component in front of the period phrase forms an ending condition, the period phrase may produce ambiguity, indicating the duration of the state after the end of the action, and acting syntactically as the predicate of the whole sentence.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146.3

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