《向苍天呼吁》中的狂欢与对话

发布时间：2018-05-08 03:39

本文选题：詹姆斯·鲍德温 + 《向苍天呼吁》　；参考：《扬州大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：20世纪中期,美国黑人文学迎来第二次文学革命的高潮。在那个时代,詹姆斯·鲍德温的《向苍天呼吁》被认为是美国黑人文学的典范。然而,鲍德温作为旅居海外黑人作家、同性恋者、抛弃了宗教信仰的前牧师,他自身和他的作品又是与众不同、离经叛道的。因此,本文选取《向苍天呼吁》作为研究对象具有一定的代表性。与传统黑人小说中的暴力反抗不同,这部小说在情节与叙述手法上都有明显的狂欢化和对话性,体现了包容与融合。小说主人公约翰是一个生活在社会底层的小人物,在经历了一系列的磨难和仪式后,他终于成为了一名牧师,从贫民窟走向了上层社会。在这一过程中,教堂扮演了狂欢广场的角色。在这里,边缘人物与中心人物之间的等级制度被暂时瓦解,他们的相互融合得以实现。在小说中,作者采用打破了时空界限的叙事手法,使得小说拥有了对话和复调的特征。透过狂欢与对话现象究其本质,该小说仍延续了黑人文学亘古不变的主题,追求人类的自由平等。本文将探究该小说是如何通过狂欢和对话来实现对等级制度和中心力量的瓦解、实现人与人之间的包容与融合的。论文主体部分由三章组成。第一章分析了小说中狂欢化场景的设置,包括广场、狂欢者和狂欢化的媒介。鲍德温选择了教堂作为狂欢的广场。教堂里的所有人,包括教徒和非教徒,都能参与到教堂集会中。在这个狂欢化的宗教仪式上,笑声和讽刺将成为狂欢化的媒介,传递了狂欢的氛围,使之成为狂欢盛宴和“第二种生活”。第二章分析了小说中狂欢的对立统一。巴赫金在狂欢化理论中强调了对立面的统一。小说中包含了多对对立统一,包括老与新、脱冕与加冕、死亡与诞生、禁欲与性爱。这些极端、对立却又统一的元素体现了狂欢化的张力并加深了讽刺的效果。第三章分析了小说中的对话结构。这部小说中的对话包括人物间的对话和文本间的对话。在复调小说中,人物之间的关系是“主体与主体”的关系,主体人物之间互相弥补观察的盲点,从而达到了客观地全面地描述人物的效果。而文本间的对话指的是互文现象。这种人物之间和文本之间的对话都体现了对立统一的哲学关系。本研究从“狂欢”和“对话”的角度切入,分析小说如何通过边缘人物对等级制度的瓦解、对中心力量的颠覆以及与之平等对话来实现人与人之间的包容与融合。同时我们可以了解到鲍德温的辩证与包容的哲学思维方式。
[Abstract]:In the middle of the 20 th century, American black literature ushered in the climax of the second literary revolution. At that time, James Baldwin's Appeal to Heaven was considered a model of black American literature. However, Baldwin, who lived overseas as a black writer and gay, abandoned a former clergyman of religious faith, and his own and his works were different and rebellious. Therefore, this article selects the appeal to the sky as the research object has certain representativeness. Different from the violent resistance in the traditional black novels, this novel has obvious carnival and dialogue in the plot and narrative techniques, which embodies tolerance and integration. John, the protagonist of the novel, is a little man living at the bottom of the society. After a series of tribulations and ceremonies, he finally becomes a priest and moves from the slum to the upper class. In the process, the church played the role of carnival square. Here, the hierarchy between the fringe and the central figure is temporarily broken down, and their fusion is realized. In the novel, the author adopts the narrative technique which breaks the boundary of time and space, which makes the novel have the characteristics of dialogue and polyphony. Through the phenomenon of carnival and dialogue, the novel continues the eternal theme of black literature and pursues human freedom and equality. This paper will explore how the novel realizes the disintegration of the hierarchy and the central power through revelry and dialogue, and realizes the tolerance and integration between people. The main body of the thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter analyzes the setting of carnival scenes in the novel, including the square, revellers and carnival media. Baldwin chose the church as a carnival square. Everyone in the church, both religious and non-religious, can participate in church meetings. In this carnival ritual, laughter and satire will become the media of carnival, transmitting the atmosphere of carnival, making it a carnival feast and a "second life". The second chapter analyzes the unity of opposites in the novel. Bakhtin emphasizes the unity of opposites in the carnival theory. The novel contains many pairs of opposites, including old and new, de-coronation and coronation, death and birth, abstinence and sex. These extreme, opposing and unified elements embody the tension of carnival and deepen the effect of satire. The third chapter analyzes the dialogue structure in the novel. The dialogue in this novel includes the dialogue between the characters and the dialogue between the texts. In polyphonic novels, the relationship between the characters is the relationship between the subject and the subject, which makes up for the blind spot of the observation among the main characters, and thus achieves the effect of describing the characters objectively and comprehensively. The dialogue between texts refers to the phenomenon of intertextuality. This kind of dialogue between characters and texts embodies the philosophical relationship of unity of opposites. From the perspective of "Carnival" and "Dialogue", this study analyzes how the novel realizes the tolerance and integration of people through the disintegration of the hierarchical system by the marginal characters, the subversion of the central power and the equal dialogue with them. At the same time, we can understand Baldwin's dialectical and tolerant philosophical way of thinking.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I712.074

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