论狄更斯小说中的人道主义精神

发布时间：2018-01-11 03:10

本文关键词：论狄更斯小说中的人道主义精神　出处：《辽宁大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：狄更斯是19世纪中叶英国批判现实主义的杰出代表,他所创作的文学作品在英国文学史乃至世界文学史上都占有举足轻重的地位。他的作品广泛地描绘了维多利亚时代英国社会的广阔画面,并以锐利的目光透视着现代生活,揭示了资本主义社会的种种罪恶。但他也是一位人道主义者，他小说的主导思想就是人道主义。作为一种思潮或思想体系，人道主义最初适于资产阶级的思想家们，它是以个人为着眼点的观点，主张每一个人是一个独立的实体，尊重个人的平等和自由权利，承认人的价值和尊严，把人当做人看待，而不把人看做人的工具。资产阶级人道主义的理论基础是超阶级、超时代的抽象人性论，其追求的社会制度以私有制为基础，以个人主义为核心。人道主义者们认为人性本善，并且人们的道德是可以教化和改变的。他们提倡人们应该运用最强大的人道主义作为武器去惊醒教化人们。从而，他们从感性方面获得了对社会的感悟。然而，它随着资产阶级革命性的丧失和无产阶级革命运动的高涨，逐渐失去进步的历史作用。狄更斯的人道主义也正是建立于人性之上，并在他的作品中强调最重要的“仁爱”思想。阅读他的作品之后我们可以发现其中有不少的作品都是从人性出发而展开的，如《雾都孤儿》、《圣诞故事集》、《董贝父子》、《大卫·科波菲尔》、《双城记》、《荒凉山庄》、《小杜丽》等作品。本文正是从人道主义的角度出发，通过对其三部不同时期的伟大作品的解读，从人物形象塑造和主题方面进行深入地分析，全面地探索人道主义思想是如何贯穿在狄更斯的这三部作品中的。本文由导论、正文和结论三部分组成。主要内容如下：第一部分是导论。导论部分主要介绍狄更斯的人道主义精神这一研究领域的国内外研究现状，以及本论文所要解决的问题和创新之处，导论最后部分将介绍本论文的创作目的和现实意义。第二部分是正文，由四部分组成：第一章主要介绍了狄更斯所处的时代背景、不同创作时期的主要作品介绍以及其人道主义思想的形成发展和特征，重点论述其与众不同的生活经历对其思想的影响以及其思想内涵。尤其是小时候的经历对其影响尤为重大，在饱经社会磨砺之后，他看到在资本主义上升时期社会上存在的诸多恶行，他感到非常痛心，作为一个理想主义者，他难以面对和接受这些可怕的事实，为了表达自己的想法，同时也为了教化和警醒世人，他坚持将人道主义的理念在自己作品中体现出来，以谋求各阶级、阶层矛盾的调和，因而当狄更斯在自己一系列创作之后，已成为一个有名的人，也受到了各个国家的欢迎，，他在这时候极有可能成为其他的人，但他依然怀着人道主义的理想，同情弱者和穷人，这样的不变的态度是他成为人道主作家的重要支柱。第二章分析的是狄更斯的人道主义思想在其第一创作阶段的作品《雾都孤儿》中的体现。本章分为两节，分别是从简单乐观的人物形象塑造方面和呼吁社会关爱的主题方面对狄更斯的人道主义思想进行剖析。不同的生活时期，不同的生活经历对每个人的内心想法会造成巨大的影响，当然，狄更斯也不例外。早年的悲惨童年使他对生活抱有乐观的心态，他坚信人性本善，对人性充满了信赖。第三章分析的是狄更斯的人道主义思想在其第二创作阶段的作品《大卫·科波菲尔》中的体现。本章分为两节，分别是从略微的困惑和迷茫的人物形象方面和人与人之间的相处之道的主题对狄更斯的人道主义思想进行分析。1942年访美之后，他对资本主义社会的乐观态度发生了变化，他决定深入思索社会的罪恶与虚伪，他慢慢地开始变得迷茫，对人生失去了方向，小说《大卫科波菲尔》就是他这期间内心的展现，小说中主人公的遭遇反应的就是作者本人的亲身经历，书中的故事内容与其本人有着莫大的联系。第四章分析的是狄更斯的人道主义思想在其第三创作阶段的作品《双城记》中的体现。本章分为两节，分别是从批判丑陋人性、期待人性回归的人物形象塑造和倡导理性变革的主题方面对狄更斯的人道主义思想进行阐释。在这一创作阶段，狄更斯的变得成熟，思想也变得深邃，在小说创作发面充分展现了他独有的尖锐性和批判性的创作风格，不再是早期的简单乐观，不再是中期的困惑迷茫，取而代之的是满腔的愤懑之情，对邪恶的人性进行无情的鞭挞，对暴力革命强烈的反感，对理性变革、对美好人性复归的期盼和憧憬。最后一部分是结论，这部分主要是论述狄更斯的人道主义精神在文学创作方面和现实生活中的伟大的现实意义和对后世的英国、美国和中国等国作家都有深刻的影响。进而对正文的主要内容进行高度的概括，重申狄更斯的人道主义精神对当今社会的重要意义。其“勿以暴抗暴”、仁爱救世的人道主义思想，呼吁人们以人性之道相处相待，践行人道主义精神，能够帮助我们当今社会缓和阶级矛盾，创建一个和谐社会。
[Abstract]:Dickens is an outstanding representative of the middle of the nineteenth Century British critical realism, his literary works plays an important role in the history of British literature and the world literature history. His works are widely depict a broad picture of Vitoria era of British society, and a sharp eye perspective of modern life, reveals the evils of capitalist society. But he is also a humanist, he's dominant thought is humanism.
As a kind of thought or ideological system, initially for humanitarian bourgeois thinkers, it is a personal point of view, that everyone is an independent entity, respect individual equality and freedom and rights, that the value and dignity of the people as people, not to see a tool. The theoretical basis of bourgeois humanism is a super class, ultra era of abstract human nature, the pursuit of the social system based on private ownership, taking individualism as the core. The humanitarian thought that human nature is good, and people's moral education and can be changed. They advocated that people should use the most strong humanitarian as a weapon to wake educating people. Thus, they obtained the social perception from perceptual aspects. However, it is with the rising bourgeoisie revolutionary proletarian revolutionary movement and loss, The historical role of progress is gradually lost. Dickens's humanitarianism is also based on human nature and emphasizes the most important "benevolence" in his works.
After reading his works we can find many of these works are from the angle of human nature. However, such as Oliver Twist, "Christmas stories >, < < > Dombey and son, David Copperfield >, < Shuangcheng >, < < small > bleak house, Tully and other works. This is. Starting from the humanitarian point of view, through the interpretation of the great works of three different periods, in-depth analysis from the characters and themes, thorough exploration of humanitarian thought is how to run through in the three works of Dickens.
This article is composed of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The main contents are as follows:
The first part is the introduction. The introductory part mainly introduces the research status of Dickens's humanitarianism, and the problems and innovations of this paper. The last part will introduce the purpose and realistic significance of this thesis.
The second part is the text, which consists of four parts:
The first chapter mainly introduces the background of Dickens, the formation and characteristics of the development of the main works in different periods and their introduction of humanitarian thought, focuses on the out of the ordinary life experience on his thought and its connotation. Especially when the experience is particularly important, after much social suffering he saw, in the rising capitalist society exists many evil period, he felt very sad, as an idealist, he is difficult to face and accept these terrible facts, in order to express their own ideas, but also to educate and alert the world, he will adhere to the humanitarian ideas reflected in his works. For each class, class conflict, so when Dickens after a series of his own creation, has become a famous person, also by the various countries Welcome, he is very likely to become another person at this time, but he still sympathize with the weak and the poor with the humanitarian ideals. This constant attitude is an important pillar for him to become a humanitarian writer.
The second chapter is the analysis of works of Oliver Twist Dickens's humanitarian thought in the first stage of creation. This chapter is divided into two sections, respectively and called on the community care for the theme of Dickens's humanitarian thought in the analysis from the simple optimistic characters. Different life periods, different the life experience of each person's inner thoughts will have a huge impact, of course, Dickens is no exception. Early make him miserable childhood optimistic attitude to life, he believed that human nature is good, full of faith in human nature.
The third chapter is the analysis of the embodiment of Dickens's humanitarian thought in the creation of second stage works < David Copperfield >. This chapter is divided into two sections, respectively, from slightly puzzled and confused characters and people get along with the theme of Dickens's humanism and analysis.1942 the United States has changed after years, his optimistic attitude toward the capitalist society, he decided to further thinking about sin and hypocrisy of the society, he slowly started to become confused, lost the direction of life, the novel "David Copperfield" is his heart during the show, suffered a reaction of the heroes in the novel is the author's own experience, the story in the book and I have a great relationship.
The fourth chapter is the analysis of Dickens's humanitarian thought in the creation of third stage works < > in the embodiment of Shuangcheng. This chapter is divided into two sections, respectively, from criticizing the ugly human nature, looking forward to the return of humanity characters and rational change theme of Dickens's humanitarian thoughts in this interpretation. A stage of creation, Dickens's thought has become mature and profound, in the novels full of sharp baking and criticism of his unique writing style, is no longer a simple early optimism, is no longer a mid confusion it is, filled with feelings of anger, mercilessly castigates the evil of human nature. The violent revolution strong aversion to rational change, for a better humanity of hope and vision.
The last part is the conclusion, this part is mainly the discussion of Dickens's humanitarian spirit in literary creation and real life in the great practical significance and for future generations, has a profound impact on the United States and other countries. Chinese writer and the main content of the text are summed up, reiterated the significance of Dickens's humanitarian the spirit of today's society. Its "not to violence" charity salvation humanitarianism, urging people to get along with the practice way of human nature, humanitarian spirit, our society can help ease the class contradictions, create a harmonious society.

【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I561.074

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