解读存在主义在《第二十二条军规》中的体现

发布时间：2018-02-09 23:56

本文关键词： 《第二十二条军规》存在主义荒诞人性危机自由选择　出处：《安徽大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《第二十二条军规》自1961年出版至今,引起文学界的强烈反响。70年代小说被搬上银屏,家喻户晓。约塞夫·海勒也一跃成为黑色幽默文学的鼻祖。小说描述的是二战末期驻扎在虚构的意大利岛屿—皮亚诺岛上的美国某空军基地里发生的一系列荒谬事件。作品并未过多地描述战争,海勒带着一种厌恶而又绝望的情绪,用战争这个舞台,将他主观感受到的社会荒谬及个人的处境和命运表现地淋漓尽致。目前国内外学术界对海勒的研究重点基本集中在《第二十二条军规》的黑色幽默风格上,包括对作品的荒诞主题、反英雄人物分析研究,研究的视角和方法有形式主义批评、叙事学、艺术特色、宗教矛盾、现代主义、后现代主义等。鉴于存在主义是黑色幽默小说的哲学基础,本文以萨特存在主义思想为理论基础,即让·保罗·萨特、阿尔贝·加缪、德·博瓦尔为代表的无神论存在主义,分析其在小说中的体现。本文共分为五章。第一章是对海勒和《第二十二条军规》的介绍、萨特的存在主义理论介绍、文献综述部分、本文的原创点以及本文结构。第二章围绕萨特存在主义主要思想—世界是荒诞的,从政治、经济、军事及宗教信仰方面对作品中代表性人物进行剖析从而揭示小说对世界的荒诞和疯狂进行的批判。论文通过分析发现：卡斯卡特上校对名利的自私追求和佩克姆将军的争权夺利反映了官僚资本主义体制下的自我主义；米洛的资本积累以及卡斯卡特的沆瀣-气揭露了资本主义的荒诞本质；沙伊斯科普夫的荒诞晋升以及梅杰少校的有名无实的提拔映射出了军事体制的混乱；通过对作品的分析发现对上帝的信仰危机也处处可见：随军牧师塔普曼对上帝信仰的动摇、卡斯卡特上校对上帝的等级化分以及主人公约塞连对上帝的怀疑。第三章从人的精神危机及身份危机两方面分析了由荒诞世界诞生的人性危机。哈弗迈耶对射杀小田鼠所表现出的病态乐趣,饿鬼乔在噩梦中尖叫,以及麦克沃特不可救药地迷恋飞机低飞都体现了人的精神危机。死人马德及活死人丹尼卡医生的经历都表现出了人的身份危机。人性的危机体现了存在主义思想：存在即虚无。第四章分析作品人物奥尔和约塞连的自由选择。萨特认为,人是绝对自由的。人可以根据自己的意愿进行自由选择并对自己的行为负责。第五章结论：存在主义思想在作品中得到充分地体现。通过对作品的存在主义解读,有助于重新认识当代美国的历史面貌和社会状况,有助于理解资本主义社会外部力量或制度对人的压迫和侵蚀作用以及官僚权力机构中的个人关系：对帮助理解海勒的其它作品具有积极的引导作用。
[Abstract]:Since the publication of < 22th military regulations] in 1961, it has aroused a strong response in the literary world. The novels of the 1970s were put on screen. It's a household name. Josef Heller has also leapt to be the originator of black humor. The novel depicts a series of absurdities that took place at a US air force base on the fictional Italian island of Piano in the end of World War II. Events. The work does not describe war too much, With a feeling of disgust and despair, Heller used the stage of war to express his subjective feelings of social absurdity and personal situation and fate. At present, the research focus of the academic circles at home and abroad on Heller's black humor style is mainly focused on the black humor style of "22th military regulations", including the absurd theme of the works, the analysis of anti-hero characters, the research perspective and methods, and formalistic criticism. Narratology, artistic characteristics, religious contradictions, modernism, postmodernism, etc. Given that existentialism is the philosophical basis of black humorous novels, this paper is based on Sartre's existentialism, that is, Jean-Paul Sartre. Albert Camus, de Boval's atheist existentialism, analyzes its representation in the novel. This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of Heller and < 22th military regulations, the introduction of Sartre's existentialism theory, the literature review, the original point of this paper and the structure of this paper. Chapter two revolves around Sartre's main idea of existentialism-the world is absurd, from politics to economics, Military and religious beliefs are analyzed to reveal the novel's critique of the absurdity and madness of the world. The paper finds that colonel Kascatt's selfish pursuit of fame and fortune and Peckham's pursuit of fame and fortune. The general's scramble for power reflects the egoism under the bureaucrat-capitalist system; The accumulation of capital by Milo and the unity of Cascot reveal the absurd nature of capitalism, and the absurd promotion of Shay Skopf and the nominal promotion of Major Major Major reflect the chaos of military system. Through the analysis of the works, it is found that the crisis of belief in God is also visible everywhere: the shake-up of Tapman's belief in God, the caste of Colonel Carstat's belief in God, and the doubt of the hero, Josephine, on God. Chapter three analyzes the crisis of human nature born in the absurd world from two aspects of human mental crisis and identity crisis. Havermeyer's morbid pleasure in shooting voles, hungry Joe screams in nightmares. And Mcwherter's insatiable infatuation with the low flight of the plane reflects the spiritual crisis of human beings. The experiences of the dead man Mad and the living death Dr. Denika both show the human identity crisis. The crisis of human nature embodies the existentialism thought: being is nihilism. Chapter 4th analyzes the free choice of the characters Orr and Yoselyn. Sartre believes that man is absolutely free. He can choose freely and be responsible for his actions according to his own will. Chapter 5th: existentialism is fully embodied in the works. Through the existentialism interpretation of the works, it is helpful to re-understand the historical and social situation of contemporary America. It helps to understand the influence of external forces or institutions of capitalist society on the oppression and erosion of human beings and the personal relations in bureaucratic power: it has a positive guiding role in helping to understand other works by Heller.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I712.074

【参考文献】