荒诞派戏剧《等待戈多》中沉默现象的语用研究

发布时间：2018-04-10 04:34

本文选题：沉默　切入点：荒诞派戏剧　出处：《江南大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：人类的日常交际一般分为两种，有声语言和无声语言。有声语言固然包含着大量信息，但无声语言却并不是完全的意义空白，有时甚至会传达出语言难以传达的内容。关于沉默的研究范围颇广，社会学、人类学、心理学、民族志学及美学都有涉及，近年来也逐渐受到语言学界的重视。在我国，大致从上世纪九十年代开始，很多学者把注意力放在了研究日常会话中沉默的语用功能和交际意义上。也有学者探讨了沉默在文学作品中的功能，但多局限于影视作品和小说，从语言学的角度来研究荒诞派戏剧中沉默的还为数不多。本文以贝克特的经典荒诞戏剧《等待戈多》为语料，在介绍了沉默的性质、表现形式以及荒诞派戏剧的写作特点、常用表现手法的基础上，意在探究沉默在贝克特荒诞派戏剧中的表现形式及其语用功能。根据Sperber和Wilson提出的关联理论，从听者的角度对沉默进行识别、分析。关联理论提出了“明示推理模式”（Ostensive-InferentialModel），认为明示行为可以是语言的，也可以是非语言的，关联理论对于沉默现象具有一定的解释力。另一方面，运用Verschueren的顺应理论，来解读作者或说者话语方式的选择问题。但是，关联理论偏重于理论上的解释，忽视了文化、认知及社会语境等具体因素，而顺应理论虽对语言使用规律进行了较充分的描述，，但是其理论解释力却不强。总结以上两个理论，本文运用顺应关联模式来分析荒诞派戏剧中的沉默。根据话轮转换规则分成的几类沉默，结合具体场景详细分析了剧中人物的心理活动以及沉默的生成和理解过程。发现剧中的沉默是说话人语言选择的结果，沉默的出现往往打破了交际的关联性，出现了低关联甚至无关联；或者本应为顺应当前语境做出回答，却违反顺应而选择沉默来使回答与说话人的预期出现不协调。这便把原有的交际流畅度降低，迫使观众付出更多的努力来寻找其中的关联，用这种语言上的不连贯和不协调折射出交际者内心和精神上的混沌与无序，借此反映出荒诞派戏剧中荒诞语言背后隐含的荒诞意味。另外，剧作家和观众之间是一种相互选择、相互顺应的关系。在《等待戈多》中剧作家利用沉默这一交际策略来达到顺应自己内心世界的目的，其中包括对于现实的失望、关于时间概念的退化；在表达效果上则顺应一种音律整齐、充满节奏的音乐美。这些都可以表明沉默在荒诞派戏剧中不可替代的作用并且从中也可以窥探出贝克特对于沉默这一修辞手段的独特理解。
[Abstract]:Human daily communication is generally divided into two types, sound language and silent language.Although audio language contains a lot of information, silent language is not a complete meaning blank, and sometimes it even conveys the content which is difficult to convey.The study of silence has a wide range, including sociology, anthropology, psychology, ethnography and aesthetics, and has been paid more and more attention by linguists in recent years.In China, since the 1990s, many scholars have focused on the pragmatic function and communicative meaning of silence in daily conversation.Some scholars have also discussed the function of silence in literary works, but most of them are confined to film and television works and novels, and few have studied silence in absurd drama from the perspective of linguistics.Taking Beckett's classic absurd drama waiting for Gordo as the corpus, this paper introduces the nature of silence, its forms of expression, the writing characteristics of absurd drama, and the commonly used techniques of expression.The purpose of this paper is to explore the forms and pragmatic functions of silence in Beckett's absurd drama.According to the relevance theory proposed by Sperber and Wilson, silence is recognized and analyzed from the perspective of listener.The relevance theory puts forward the Ostensive-Inferential Model, which holds that the explicit act can be either linguistic or non-verbal, and the relevance theory has a certain explanatory power for silence.On the other hand, Verschueren's adaptation theory is used to interpret the choice of the author's or the speaker's discourse style.However, relevance theory focuses on theoretical interpretation, neglecting specific factors such as culture, cognition and social context, while adaptation theory fully describes the rules of language use, but its theoretical explanatory power is not strong.Summing up the above two theories, this paper uses the adaptation relevance model to analyze the silence in the absurd drama.According to several types of silence, the psychological activities of the characters and the formation and understanding of silence are analyzed in detail.It is found that the silence in the play is the result of the speaker's choice of language. The appearance of silence often breaks the relevance of communication, with low or no relevance, or should be answered in order to adapt to the current context.However, he chooses silence against adaptation to make the answer out of harmony with the speaker's expectations.This reduces the original degree of communication fluency and forces the audience to make more efforts to find out the relevance. The incoherence and disharmony in this language reflects the chaos and disorder in the mind and spirit of the communicator.This reflects the absurdity behind the absurd language in the absurd drama.In addition, playwright and audience is a kind of mutual choice, mutual adaptation.In waiting for Gordo, the playwright uses the communicative strategy of silence to achieve the purpose of adapting to his inner world, which includes disappointment with reality, degradation of the concept of time, and conformity with a regular rhythm in the effect of expression.Rhythmic beauty of music.All of these can show that silence plays an irreplaceable role in the absurd drama and can also reveal Beckett's unique understanding of silence as a rhetorical device.
【学位授予单位】：江南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H313;I562.073

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