从《不如归》来看德富芦花的审美意识

发布时间：2018-05-05 16:24

本文选题：疾病 + 形象　；参考：《吉林大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：《不如归》是德富芦花第一部长篇小说，笔者想通过《不如归》这部作品来研究德富芦花的审美意识。小论试图通过对人物形象和服装的分析来窥见芦花传统的审美意识，并且通过分析小说中多次出现的海边的情景，来论述作家对自然的审美意识。首先，通过浪子的形象能够看出作者的审美观。德富芦花创作了一个身穿和服并患有肺结核的古典美人的形象。浪子因为疾病而显得越发美丽。在日本的文学史上，美女通常和疾病是有紧密的关联的，在日本的古典文学中也不乏这样的例子。纵观小说全篇，疾病一直贯穿始终，，这说明作者深受日本传统审美观念的影响。而另一方面，作者创作这样的一个形象也是因为他受到了西方哲学和美学的影响。从17世纪到19世纪，西欧的很多学者认为健康的身体代表着性欲旺盛，因此是罪恶的根源，而病弱的身体就是少有性欲，因此是纯洁的象征。肺结核在《不如归》的时代是不治之症，因为知道这种病会被传染所以引起了人们的恐慌。浪子在逗子疗养，基本上不与外界接触，甚至连和自己丈夫见面的机会都很少。加上浪子总是穿着淡色的和服，并且很少有装饰，更衬托出她高尚的情操。这样的装扮，恰到好处地表现出了浪子含蓄、谨慎的样子。作家塑造的是一个纯洁、品德高尚、并且天生丽质的美女形象。而反面人物丰子很胖，给人一种过于健康的感觉，身材明明有缺陷却经常穿得非常华贵，让人感觉到厌恶。在小说中，女性美与道德之美密不可分。而道德美在传统美中占有很重要的位置。《不如归》创作的时代背景是明治维新时期，新政府沿袭了旧政府的政策，倡导儒教道德，禁止民主运动，因此并没有动摇封建统治的根基。在这种政治背景下，人们的审美标准深受传统的影响。作品中的浪子，是一个沉默寡言的守礼的妇女形象。而奉行这种处事原则的女人，正是传统道德所肯定的女性形象。浪子为了维持家庭和睦，对待任何不平等的待遇都忍气吞声，从来不多言多语，让人十分怜惜。《不如归》中最引人注意的当然还是主人公的病弱之美，德富卢花虽然继承了日本的传统手法，采用了“佳人薄命”的表现形式，但是在作品中凸显了时代性。《不如归》中的人物正处于这一阶段。德富芦花深切地感觉到了这一时代特性。他周围的人很多都得了肺结核，并且相继死去，这对他来说是个很大的打击，这也成为他创作这部作品的重要因素。他在逗子的别墅居住的时候，恰好听到信子的故事，成为他创作的契机。于是，时代的疾病——肺结核在作品中出现了。芦花在创造了一个身患肺结核的女性形象的同时，也将肺结核浪漫化了。因为作品的主线是一个美丽的爱情故事，所以当女主人公得了这不治之症之时，就进一步增加了故事的悲情性。笔者认为在同一时代虽然也有一些其它的以肺病为主题的小说，却不象《不如归》这样有广泛的影响，原因即在于此。对于有关海的情节描写，笔者认为是作者对自然的崇高之美的赞颂。首先，海是具有抚慰人心的力量的。海是一种信念，它传达了浪子和武男的感情。在这样的自然环境中，浪子忘记了俗事，被赋予了爱的力量。在这时，海边的场景展现的是病身厌世的女性在自然中寻找慰藉的姿态。浪子是不幸的存在，没有让自己幸福起来的力量。海代表自然的力量，因为气势汹汹所以难以抵抗。于是出现了后来在海边自杀的情景。此时，海底已不是通向死亡的象征，而是通往自由的道路。自然有不可抵抗的力量，因此让人敬畏，并且让人想要追随，以至于将自己的灵魂寄托于自然。结核病是不可控制的外因，因为受到当时医疗条件的限制，这种疾病是不可治愈的，所以这种病也成了不可抗拒的外力。当这种外力过于强大时，浪子将自己的身心投入到自然当中去，这更显示出自然的无穷力量。浪子和武男的心投向了自然的力量，自己的命运也被自然力所支配。自然，正是有这种不可抗拒的力量才更加表现出它的崇高感。总而言之，此时的芦花认为自然的美是具有崇高性的。
[Abstract]:< < inferior > > is the first novel of Naruto Ashika. I want to study the aesthetic consciousness of the aloe flower through the works of < inferior to >. Small theory tries to see the traditional aesthetic consciousness of the aloe through the analysis of the characters and clothing, and to discuss the writer's trial of nature through the analysis of the seaside scenes that appear many times in the novel. A sense of beauty.
First, through the image of the prodigal son, we can see the author's aesthetic view. Naruto Ashika created a classical beauty in a kimono and suffering from tuberculosis. The prodigal son is more beautiful because of the disease. In the history of Japanese literature, the beauty is usually closely related to the disease, and in Japanese classical literature there is no lack of this. On the other hand, the author creates such an image because he is influenced by western philosophy and aesthetics. From seventeenth Century to nineteenth Century, many scholars in Western Europe believed that healthy bodies represent exuberant sexual desire. So it is the root of sin, and the weak body is less sexually active, so it is a symbol of purity. Tuberculosis is an incurable disease in the age of < inferior > because it is known that the disease will be contagious and cause panic. The prodigal son is basically not touching the outside in the convalescence of a tease, and even a few opportunities to meet her husband. In addition, the prodigal son always wears a light kimono, with little decoration, and gives her noble sentiment. Such a dress shows the prodigal son's implicit, cautious look. The writer shapes a pure, noble and beautiful beauty. The opposite figure is fat and is too healthy. I feel that my body is obviously flawed but often wears very luxurious and makes people feel disgusted.
In the novel, the beauty of women and the beauty of morality are inseparable. And the moral beauty occupies an important position in the traditional beauty. The background of the creation is the Meiji Restoration period. The new government follows the policies of the old government, advocates the moral of Confucianism, prohibits the movement of democracy, and therefore has not shaken the foundation of the feudal rule. Under this political background, People's aesthetic standards are deeply influenced by tradition. The prodigal son in the work is a woman's image of a taciturn and courtesy. And the woman who follows this principle is the female image that the traditional morality affirms. In order to maintain the harmony of the family, the prodigal son will swallow the sound of any unequal treatment and never speak more. Pity.
Of course, the most noteworthy in < inferior > is the beauty of the protagonist. Although Naruto Luka inherited the traditional Japanese technique and adopted the expression form of "good fortune", it highlights the character of the times. A lot of people around you got tuberculosis and died one after another. It was a big blow to him. It was an important factor in his work. When he lived in a villas, he happened to hear the story of the son of the letter and became a turning point for his creation. In the creation of a female image of tuberculosis, and the romanticism of tuberculosis, because the main line of the work is a beautiful love story, so when the heroine got this incurable disease, it further increased the sadness of the story. I think there are some other lung diseases in the same age as the theme. However, the novel does not have such a wide influence as it does.
For the description of the plot of the sea, the author believes that the author praises the sublime beauty of nature. First, the sea is a soothing force. The sea is a belief that conveys the feelings of the prodigal son and the martial man. In such a natural environment, the prodigal son forgets the common things and is given the power of love. At this time, the scene of the sea is shown by the sea. The woman who is weary of the sick finds the consolation in nature. The prodigal son is the unfortunate existence, not the power to make himself happy. The power of the sea represents the power of nature, which is difficult to resist. Then the scene of suicide at the seaside appears. At this time, the seabed is not a symbol of death, but a road to freedom. Naturally there is an inresistible force, so it is awe, and it makes people want to follow, so that their souls are placed in nature. Tuberculosis is an irresistible external cause, because the disease is not curable because of the medical conditions at that time, so the disease is also an irresistible force. When the force is too strong, it is too strong. The prodigal son puts his body and mind into nature, which shows the infinite power of nature. The heart of the prodigal son and the men of Wu put into the power of nature, and the fate of his own is dominated by the natural force. Having the sublimity.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I313.074

【参考文献】