中学化学实验教育功能的宏观统一与微观差异

发布时间：2018-01-06 20:38

  本文关键词：中学化学实验教育功能的宏观统一与微观差异　出处：《内蒙古师范大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 新课程改革 化学实验 教育功能 宏观统一 微观差异

【摘要】：化学是一门以实验为基础的学科,实验是化学最基础的特征之一随着新课程改革的不断深化,新课程理念深入人心,化学教育更加重视化学实验教学,有关化学实验教育功能的研究越来越多地引起人们的关注。《普通高中化学课程标准(实验)》对“突出化学学科特征,更好地发挥实验的教育功能”提出了四方面的建议,这就要求中学化学教师在日常教学实践中要强化挖掘化学实验教育功能的意识,践行对化学实验教育功能的开发,反思现有教学条件下最优化地发挥化学实验教育功能的方法。目前对化学实验教育功能的研究大都落实在具体实验或某一功能上,缺乏系统的研究,更鲜有人依据教学实际,有目的、有选择地开发化学实验的教育功能。针对这一情况,本文在研究不同版本化学教科书实验教学内容的基础上,以实验教育功能的差异性为切入点,通过划分化学实验教育的宏观和微观功能,深化对化学实验教育功能理论认识,重点分析了化学实验教育功能的微观差异性,目的是更好地实现化学实验教育功能的最优化,更有效地服务于学生的全面发展。本文在研究相关文献的基础上,将化学实验教育功能划分为宏观层面和微观层面。宏观上,化学实验作为科学实验的一部分,必然继承了科学实验的“认识论功能”、“方法论功能”和“教学论功能”；而化学实验作为教育的一部分,如果再结合新课程改革的教育实际,其宏观教育功能主要体现为“学习知识,培养技能”、“经历过程,体验方法”、“推动情感,养成态度,形成科学的价值观”三方面,目的是为达成化学教学的三维目标服务的。化学实验教育的宏观统一性功能,对教学实践有指导意义,任何实验教育功能的发挥都不能与之相悖。微观上,通过剖析现行三版本高中化学教科书中的实验内容,从不同角度对比,依托案例分析化学实验教育功能的微观差异性,从三个方面展开讨论,具体表现在：实验主体方面,强调化学实验对完善教师知识结构、夯实教师化学学科知识、提升教师反思能力等方面的功能；教科书方面,分析了高中三版本教科书不同模块、不同实验体系选择、不同实验内容、不同实验栏目及实验所处不同的单元(主题／章)引起的实验教育功能的微观差异；实验手段方面,讨论了计算机辅助实验教学(CAI)、手持技术实验的运用引起的实验教育功能的微观差异。这些实验教育的微观差异是宏观统一下的微观差异,即教师根据教学实际,在化学实验教育的宏观统一性的指导下积极进行实验设计所引起的差异。本文在前人研究的基础上,以教育过程最优化理论和多元智能理论为理论依据,以化学实验的宏观功能和微观功能为指导,以“因地、因时制宜”、“因材施教”、“长善救失”为开发原则开发并设计了2个实验。案例一“过氧化氢酶对过氧化氢的催化作用”是对人教版九年级《化学》“分解过氧化氢制取氧气”实验的开发,旨在通过家庭小实验维持学生的学习动机,树立化学与生活密切联系的意识,完善催化剂的知识,学习定量研究、对比研究的科学研究方法,加深家庭成员间的情感交流等。该实验动手性强、用品廉价易得,对于处在化学启蒙教育阶段的学生发挥出更全面的功能。案例二“连续的气体性质检验”实验是针对复习课进行开发,以高一“氯气的制备和性质相关实验”为例,发挥实验在复习课中的功能。传统复习课总希望在最短的时间内为学生展现最全面的知识体系,化学实验因其耗时费力往往被排除在课堂之外,而涉及实验部分的复习也常常借助“黑板+粉笔”或多媒体课件进行,为发挥化学实验的复习功能,就需要设计连续性的实验装置进行综合化实验。通过研究,希望为中学化学教师在实验教学方面提供借鉴,树立以教学实际为出发点发挥适合学生实际发展的教育功能的意识,并通过对教育功能的最优化发挥促进学生的全面发展。但本研究多停留在静态分析阶段,缺乏在课堂教学中的检验,对于化学实验教育功能的微观差异有待更多的课堂教学动态研究的支撑。
[Abstract]:Chemistry is a subject based on experiment, the experiment is the most basic feature of chemistry with the deepening of the new curriculum reform deeply, the concept of the new curriculum, chemistry education pays more attention to the chemical experiment teaching, more and more research about the chemical experimental education function to cause the attention of people. The ordinary high school chemistry curriculum standards (experimental) > of "highlighting the characteristics of chemistry, better play the educational function of the four aspects of the proposed recommendations, which requires high school chemistry teachers in daily teaching practice to strengthen the mining chemical experimental education to practice the development of awareness of the chemical experimental education function optimization, play the educational function of the existing methods of chemical experiment under the conditions of teaching reflection. The current research on the chemical experimental education function mostly in the implementation of specific experimental or a function, the lack of systematic research, there are few On the basis of the actual teaching purpose, the educational function of selectively developing chemical experiment. In view of this situation, based on the study of different versions of the chemistry textbook experiment teaching content, the differences between the experimental education function as the breakthrough point, through the division of chemistry experiment education in the macroscopic and microscopic features, deepen the understanding of chemical the function of education theory, analyzes the difference of micro chemical experiment education function, to better achieve the optimization of the chemical experimental education function, comprehensive development to better serve the students. Based on the relevant literature, the chemical experimental education function is divided into macro and micro level. On the macro. Chemical experiment as part of a scientific experiment, inevitable inherited scientific experiment "epistemological function", "methodology" and "teaching theory" and chemistry; Experience as a part of education, if combined with the new curriculum reform of the educational practice, the macro education function is mainly embodied in "learning knowledge, training skills", "experience, experience method", "promote the emotion, develop attitude, form three aspects of scientific values", the purpose is to serve the three dimensional goals of chemistry the teaching of chemistry experiment education. The unity of the macro function, guiding significance to the teaching practice, any experimental education functions are not the contrary. On the micro level, through the analysis of experiment contents of the current three version of high school chemistry textbook, comparative analysis from different angles, different micro chemical experiment education function of relying on the case and from the three aspects discussed in the specific performance: the experimental subject, emphasizing the chemistry experiment to improve the teachers' knowledge structure, teachers consolidate chemical knowledge, enhance teachers' reflection Force and other aspects of the function; analysis of high school textbooks, three different versions of the textbook selection module, different experimental system, different experiment content, experiment and experiment at different sections of different units (theme / chapter) micro function caused by the differences in experimental education; experimental means, discusses the computer aided experimental teaching (CAI) the micro function caused by differences in experimental education, the use of a hand-held technology experiment. The microscopic differences between these experimental education is the micro macro differences under the unified, namely the teacher according to the teaching practice, and actively carry out the differences caused by the experimental design in the macro unity of the chemical experimental education under the guidance of this paper. On the basis of previous studies, to the education process optimization theory and multiple intelligence theory as the theoretical basis, to the macro function of chemistry experiment and microcosmic function as a guide to "because, because when the system", " The teaching material "," long lost good save "for the development of the principle of development and design 2 experiments. A case of" catalase on hydrogen peroxide catalytic action is to grade nine of the PEP < > "chemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide oxygen" experiment development, which aims to students through family small experiment dimension learning motivation. A chemical is closely linked with life consciousness, improve the catalyst knowledge, quantitative research learning, scientific research methods of comparative study, enhance the emotional communication between family members. The practical activities of strong, cheap and easy to get, in chemistry enlightenment education students play a more comprehensive function. "Two consecutive cases the properties of gas test experiment is aiming at developing a review class, with high chlorine preparation and properties experiment as an example, the play in the review class. The traditional recitation always hope Show the most comprehensive knowledge system for students in the shortest period of time, due to the time-consuming chemical experiments are often excluded from the outside of the classroom, and relates to the experimental part of the review is often use "blackboard + chalk" or the multimedia courseware, to play a chemistry experiment review function requires the design of experimental device for continuous comprehensive experiment. Through the study, hope to provide reference for middle school chemistry teachers in the experimental teaching, to establish the teaching practice as the starting point for students to play the actual development of the educational function of consciousness, and through play to promote students' all-round development of education function. But the study stays in the stage of static analysis, the lack of inspection in the classroom teaching, classroom teaching research should be more dynamic microscopic differences in the chemical experimental education function support.

【学位授予单位】：内蒙古师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G633.8
，

本文编号：1389473