青少年核心心理弹性的结构及其特征研究

发布时间：2019-03-26 10:44

【摘要】： Werner和Smith在20世纪50年代开展的有关高风险环境下儿童发展三十年追踪研究的结果触发了心理弹性概念的提出,使得心理弹性作为一个研究课题逐渐被学者们所接受。这一概念颠覆了研究学者对以往高风险环境下儿童发展的悲观性结论,纵向研究的结果表明一部分儿童即使经历了高风险环境,其发展功能仍然保持完好。尽管研究学者对心理弹性的定义仍然存在争议,但大都认同心理弹性是指个人在遭受高危险性环境或压力下,其发展功能和社会适应并未受到明显损害,特别是对儿童和青少年而言,他们可能历经磨难,但仍然能发展具有正常社会适应功能的人,甚至一部分人突破了个人和环境的局限,获得了优良的发展结果。心理弹性的复杂性和深远意义极大激发了研究学者们的热情,心理弹性研究领域因此浪潮迭起,由现象学的探索性研究到系统性的实践性研究,由单一的定性研究走向定性与定量的结合,心理弹性研究取得了令人瞩目的成果。但心理弹性研究也在这种焦点注视下,其不足和缺失也充分显现出来：源于西方文明和传统的解释模型虽相继被提出,但大都与难以得到普遍的认同。这也造成弹性概念、测量工具迄今仍处于不断争论之中。具有普遍性意义、基础性的理论构建仍然是亟需解决的。一些前瞻性的学者把目光投向了迥然不同与西方的东方(中国)文化传统和民族精神,心理弹性研究能否从这一源远流长的文明获得理论启示将是今后研究的一条新的思路。心理弹性研究的越深入,学者们发现的危险或保护因素就越发纷繁复杂,究竟哪些变量对干预最有效应被有意无意忽略而无从得知。寻求最有效因素、最本质的因素对干预研究的意义是重大的。本研究旨在为心理弹性研究中国化进行有益的尝试。在中国文化背景下,心理弹性与传统文化的关联并未被深究,也缺乏对青少年心理弹性结构与特征的系统性研究。基于以往研究的理论成果,本研究提出从中国传统文化(历史典籍)、当代青少年心理发展上研究青少年心理弹性,探索中国传统文化中的心理弹性的深刻内涵,提炼出个人核心心理弹性概念与特征,编制适合青少年的个人核心心理弹性量表,多角度考察青少年心理弹性的特征,在比较高危环境下的高心理弹性儿童与低心理弹性儿童心理发展特征上,尝试构建青少年心理弹性发展模型上。研究共分两个部分：研究一采用文献分析法考察了蕴涵在中国文化中的心理弹性思想内涵和特征。结果提示,中国文化中的心理弹性本质内涵是指向个人的核心品质或精神,主要包括了两个方面：一个是对逆境与自身的认知态度,包括了对逆境的辩证认知、积极的人生态度、坚忍不拔、坚持不懈的意志精神；二是在逆境或困难面前的自律或内在控制,包括中和心态的养成、独立灵活的行事之道。研究二采用实证研究考察了中国当代青少年心理弹性的结构和特征,构建了青少年个人核心心理弹性量表。研究表明：(1)青少年核心心理弹性由认知维度与控制维度构成,认知维度包括自信、领悟性、坚韧性、接纳性、家庭感知、主动性因子,控制维度包括学习掌握、控制感、心态调整、目的感、存在感和人际互动因子；(2)自编的青少年核心心理弹性问卷具有良好的信和效度；(3)总体上青少年在核心心理弹性在认知维度上得分较高,在其控制维度得分较低；(4)处于逆境中的青少年约有五分之一的个体具有高核心心理弹性水平：与低、中等弹性水平青少年相比,高弹性水平青少年的主观幸福感、家庭关系满意度、同伴关系满意度都最高,而孤独感最低。(5)构建的弹性青少年作用模型具有较好的拟合度,核心心理弹性在弹性青少年发展中起着重要的调节作用：青少年高风险性事件(逆境)对青少年心理发展有负面影响趋势,但其影响作用随个体心理弹性水平发生变化。在低心理弹性水平下,逆境对主观幸福感的负面影响体现的很显著。而随着心理弹性水平的提高,核心心理弹性对个体心理功能主效应影响趋于明显,逆境的消极影响趋于减弱。包括家庭关系、同伴关系在内的社会联结系统对个体核心心理弹性有着正向影响。
[Abstract]:The results of Werner and Smith's three-year follow-up study on the development of children under high-risk environment in the 1950s have triggered the introduction of the concept of psychological elasticity, so that the psychological elasticity is gradually accepted by the scholars as a research subject. This concept subverts the research scholars' pessimistic conclusion on children's development in the past high-risk environment, and the results of the longitudinal study show that a part of the children are still in good condition even if they experience high-risk environment. Although the research scholars still have a dispute about the definition of psychological elasticity, most of them agree that the psychological elasticity refers to the individual's development function and social adaptation under high-risk environment or pressure, especially for children and young people, But still can develop the people with the normal social adaptation function, even a part of the people break through the limitation of the individual and the environment, and have obtained the good development result. The complexity and far-reaching significance of the psychological elasticity greatly arouse the enthusiasm of the research scholars and the research field of psychological elasticity. The combination of psychological and elastic research has made remarkable progress. But the psychological and elastic research is also in the focus of this kind of focus, and its deficiency and lack also show that the model of the western civilization and the traditional explanation has been put forward in succession, but most of it is difficult to get universal. Identity. This also creates an elastic concept, and the measuring tool has so far been in a constant struggle. On the basis of its universal significance, the basic theoretical construction is still in urgent need To solve this problem, some forward-looking scholars pay attention to the cultural tradition and national spirit of the East (China), which is very different from the west, and whether the psychological and elastic study can get the theoretical inspiration from this long-standing civilization will be a new study in the future. The more in-depth of the psychological and elastic study, the more complex the risk or protection factor found by the scholars, and which of the variables are the most effective in the intervention and are not intended to be ignored. From the point of view, the most effective and essential factor is the significance of the intervention study. The purpose of this study is to benefit from the sinicization of the study of psychological elasticity. In the cultural background of China, the association between the psychological elasticity and the traditional culture is not deeply studied, and the system of the psychological and elastic structure and characteristics of the young people is also lacking. Based on the theoretical results of the past research, this paper puts forward the study of the psychological elasticity of the young people from the Chinese traditional culture (history and history) and the psychological development of the modern youth, and explores the profound connotation of the psychological elasticity in the traditional Chinese culture, and the concept of the personal core psychological elasticity. The paper, based on the characteristics of the individual core psychological and elastic scales, which is suitable for young people, makes a multi-angle study on the characteristics of the psychological elasticity of the young people, and tries to build the psychological and elastic development of the young people on the characteristics of the high-risk elastic children and the mental development of the low-mental elastic children under the high-risk environment. The study is divided into two parts. Part 1: The study of the psychological elasticity of the implication in Chinese culture with the method of literature analysis The result indicates that the essence of the psychological elasticity in Chinese culture is the core quality or spirit of the individual, which mainly includes two aspects: one is the cognitive attitude to the adversity and the self, including the dialectical cognition of the adversity, the positive life The spirit of willpower; the self-discipline or internal control in the face of adversity or difficulty, including the form of medium and mental state, independence. The study of the structure and characteristics of the psychological elasticity of contemporary Chinese youth has been studied by the empirical study. The study shows that: (1) The mental elasticity of the core of the youth is composed of the cognitive dimension and the control dimension, and the cognitive dimension includes self-confidence, comprehensibility, toughness, acceptance, family perception and initiative factors, and the control dimension includes learning, control and control. (2) The self-made adolescent core psychological and elastic questionnaire has good faith and validity; (3) The overall psychological elasticity of the adolescents is higher in the cognitive dimension. and (4) about one-fifth of the young people in the adversity have a high core psychological elasticity level: the subjective well-being, the family relationship satisfaction degree and the peer relationship are satisfied with the high-elasticity horizontal teenagers compared with the low-and middle-elastic-level teenagers; (5) The elasticity of the core psychology plays an important role in the development of the elastic youth: the high risk event (adversity) of the young and the youth The psychological development has a negative effect on the trend, but the effect of it is with one. The change of the level of psychological elasticity of the body. Under the low level of mental elasticity, the adversity is the subjective well-being. The effect of core psychological elasticity on the main effect of individual psychological function tends to be obvious with the improvement of the level of psychological elasticity. The negative effects of adversity tend to decrease. Social coupling systems, including family relationships and peer relationships, tend to weaken the individual's core
【学位授予单位】：中南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：B844.2

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