中国教育不平等与收入分配差距的实证研究
发布时间：2018-09-05 21:22
【摘要】：经济发展过程中,如何兼顾效率和公平一直是经济学研究的热点问题,也是关系到社会能否和谐发展的重大问题。虽然自改革开放以来,我国经济发展成就显著、城乡居民收入水平增长较快,与此同时,收入分配差距也迅速扩大。在影响收入分配差距的众多因素中,教育具有重要作用,教育分配的均等与否与收入分配差距密切相关。并且,教育分配还关系到全社会的人力资本积累水平,从而影响经济增长。由此,教育使“效率”与“公平”这并不统一的两大难题协调起来。正因为如此,教育不平等受到社会各界的广泛关注,对教育不平等与收入分配差距的研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。 本文在分析教育不平等与收入分配差距相关文献的基础上,结合中国改革开放以来的制度变迁轨迹,构建了教育与收入分配的理论分析框架,对教育不平等与收入分配差距的关系进行了实证检验,分析了二者的内在作用机制。并且,贫困阶层位于收入分配的最底层,贫困的减少有助于缩小收入分配差距;同时,贫困阶层往往是弱势群体,容易导致教育缺乏,所以贫困减少同样有助于降低教育不平等程度。因此,研究教育不平等对贫困的影响,既是对教育不平等与收入分配研究的进一步拓展,又丰富了减贫研究的实证样本。不仅如此,本文对收入流动性进行测度、分解,以及探讨教育与收入流动的关系,是基于机会公平视角对教育不平等和收入分配差距研究的扩展。收入流动性反映出相对收入排名的变化,在收入分配差距较大的背景下,充分的收入流动性将有助于降低收入分配差距及其导致的负面效应;同时,教育作为促进收入流动的重要渠道,在促进收入分配的机会公平方面具有重要作用。因此,本文的研究一方面能够为如何促进经济发展中的“公平”提供思路,另一方面也丰富了发展经济学的实证研究成果。 本文的主要创新性工作包括: (1)在回顾中国教育不平等、收入分配差距、贫困的制度变迁基础上,构建了教育与收入分配的理论分析框架。理论模型在Galor and Zeria(1993)的基础上,进行了两个方面的扩展。一是考虑到不同层次教育回报率存在异质性的现状,将个体教育选择扩展到不接受教育、初等教育和高等教育;二是结合中国国情分析了劳动力市场因素、政府教育决策对教育分配和收入分配的影响,进而明晰教育不平等与收入分配差距的作用机理。理论分析阐明了教育不平等与收入分配差距间的内生性关系,为实证研究建立了理论基础。进一步,对教育不平等与收入分配差距的关系进行了实证分析。本文采用教育基尼系数系统地测度了我国各地区的教育不平等程度,这在同类文献中也尚属首次。并且,考虑到教育不平等与收入分配差距的内生性关系,本文构建了包含教育不平等与收入分配差距联立方程组模型,并采用中国1996-2004年的省级面板数据和三阶段最小二乘法进行估计。研究表明,收入不平等导致教育不平等,教育不平等的下降却没能促进收入不平等的减小,教育不平等与收入不平等并非简单线性关系。之所以未形成教育平等和收入平等相互促进的良性机制,除了不同层次教育回报率差异的原因,劳动力市场的结构性特征、城乡二元经济结构等因素都有着重要影响。 (2)贫困群体位于收入阶层的最底层,是收入分配差距的一种特殊情况,贫困的缓解对于缩小收入差距、教育差距有重要影响。由于教育分布不均所带来的人力资本投资匮乏,造成贫困人口无法通过提高自身能力来摆脱贫困;并且,如果存在教育差距的局面长期得不到改观,则可能进一步导致“贫困恶性循环”,最终致使暂时性贫困向持续性贫困转变,甚至持续性贫困的加深。本文采用中国1983-2006年的时间序列数据和Johansen协整检验分析了教育不平等与贫困的长期均衡关系。并且,为进一步探讨其背后的作用机理,还运用微观调查数据和Logit模型进行了更深入地分析。研究结果表明,能够获得初等人力资本是贫困群体是否脱贫的关键因素,教育不平等的缩小有利于促进贫困群体进行初等人力资本积累,进而摆脱贫困。 (3)收入流动性更注重机会公平,与结果的不均等相比,机会公平对社会的影响更大。并且,在一个收入分配差距较大的社会里,充分的收入流动性将有助于缩小收入分配差距,以及缓解收入分配差距过大所造成的负面效应。因此,本文从相对收入位置变化角度、收入份额变化角度、社会福利角度等视角出发,对中国1989-2006年间的收入流动性进行了测度,从而得出更为稳健的结论。在此基础上,首次从收入相对位置出发对我国的收入流动性进行分解,以探讨中国收入流动性变化的内在原因。进一步,本文构建了教育与收入流动的Mlogit模型,研究了教育在促进收入流动中的作用。研究发现:农村和城市的收入流动性都经历了先上升后下降的过程,转折点位于20世纪90年代中后期,然而,这并未带来社会福利的改善。收入流动性的分解结果表明,收入流动主要集中在中低收入阶层内部,出现了收入阶层固化的倾向,这是导致我国收入流动性降低的内在原因;不仅如此,在收入分配差距较大的现实背景下,收入流动性的降低不利于收入分配差距的缩小。最后,教育对于促进合理的收入流动具有显著作用,包括城市高等教育的发展和农村义务教育的提供。
[Abstract]:In the process of economic development, how to balance efficiency and fairness has always been a hot issue in economic research, and also a major issue related to the harmonious development of society. Education plays an important role in many factors of the distribution gap, and the equality of education distribution is closely related to the income distribution gap. Moreover, the distribution of education is also related to the level of human capital accumulation in the whole society, thus affecting economic growth. Because of this, education inequality has attracted widespread attention from all walks of life, and the study of education inequality and income distribution gap has important theoretical and practical significance.
Based on the analysis of relevant literature on education inequality and income distribution gap, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of education and income distribution, empirically examines the relationship between education inequality and income distribution gap, and analyzes the internal mechanism of the two. The poverty-stricken strata are at the bottom of the income distribution, and the reduction of poverty helps to narrow the income distribution gap. At the same time, the poverty-stricken strata are often vulnerable groups, which tend to lead to lack of education, so the reduction of poverty also helps to reduce the level of education inequality. The further expansion of matching research enriches the empirical sample of poverty reduction research. Moreover, this paper measures, decomposes and discusses the relationship between education and income mobility, which is based on the expansion of the study of education inequality and income distribution gap from the perspective of opportunity equity. At the same time, education, as an important channel to promote income flow, plays an important role in promoting the fairness of opportunity in income distribution. Therefore, this study on one hand can promote how to promote. Fairness in economic development provides ideas, on the other hand, it enriches the empirical research results of development economics.
The main innovative work of this paper includes:
(1) On the basis of reviewing China's educational inequality, income distribution gap and institutional changes of poverty, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of education and income distribution. The second is to analyze the influence of the government's educational decision-making on the distribution of education and income in light of China's actual conditions, and to clarify the mechanism of educational inequality and income distribution gap. This paper uses Gini coefficient to measure the degree of education inequality systematically in different regions of China, which is the first time in the same kind of literature. Moreover, considering education inequality and income inequality, the paper makes an empirical analysis of the relationship between education inequality and income distribution gap. This paper constructs a simultaneous equation group model including education inequality and income inequality, and estimates it with provincial panel data from 1996 to 2004 and three-stage least squares method. The reduction of education inequality and income inequality is not a simple linear relationship. The reason why education equality and income equality are not mutually reinforcing each other is that besides the reasons for the differences in educational returns at different levels, the structural characteristics of the labor market and the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas have important effects.
(2) Poverty groups are located at the bottom of the income class, which is a special case of income distribution gap. The alleviation of poverty has an important impact on narrowing the income gap and education gap. If the situation of education gap is not improved for a long time, it may lead to a vicious circle of poverty, which will eventually lead to the transition from temporary poverty to persistent poverty and even the deepening of persistent poverty. The results show that access to primary human capital is the key factor for poverty-stricken groups to get rid of poverty, and the reduction of educational inequality is conducive to promoting the poverty-stricken groups to accumulate primary human capital. Tired, and then get rid of poverty.
(3) Income mobility pays more attention to opportunity equity than the unequal results, and the impact of opportunity equity on society is greater. Moreover, in a society with large income distribution gap, adequate income mobility will help narrow the income distribution gap and alleviate the negative effects caused by excessive income distribution gap. From the perspective of income position, income share and social welfare, this paper measures China's income liquidity from 1989 to 2006, and draws a more stable conclusion. On this basis, it decomposes China's income liquidity from the relative position of income for the first time to explore China's income liquidity. Further, this paper constructs an Mlogit model of education and income mobility, and studies the role of education in promoting income mobility. The results show that both rural and urban income mobility experienced a process of first rising and then declining. The turning point was in the mid-late 1990s, but this did not bring about social welfare. The decomposition result of income mobility shows that income mobility mainly concentrates in the middle and low income classes and tends to solidify, which is the internal reason for the reduction of income mobility in China; moreover, under the realistic background of large income distribution gap, the reduction of income mobility is not conducive to the income distribution gap. Finally, education plays a significant role in promoting reasonable income flow, including the development of urban higher education and the provision of rural compulsory education.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：G521;F124.7
本文编号：2225499
[Abstract]:In the process of economic development, how to balance efficiency and fairness has always been a hot issue in economic research, and also a major issue related to the harmonious development of society. Education plays an important role in many factors of the distribution gap, and the equality of education distribution is closely related to the income distribution gap. Moreover, the distribution of education is also related to the level of human capital accumulation in the whole society, thus affecting economic growth. Because of this, education inequality has attracted widespread attention from all walks of life, and the study of education inequality and income distribution gap has important theoretical and practical significance.
Based on the analysis of relevant literature on education inequality and income distribution gap, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of education and income distribution, empirically examines the relationship between education inequality and income distribution gap, and analyzes the internal mechanism of the two. The poverty-stricken strata are at the bottom of the income distribution, and the reduction of poverty helps to narrow the income distribution gap. At the same time, the poverty-stricken strata are often vulnerable groups, which tend to lead to lack of education, so the reduction of poverty also helps to reduce the level of education inequality. The further expansion of matching research enriches the empirical sample of poverty reduction research. Moreover, this paper measures, decomposes and discusses the relationship between education and income mobility, which is based on the expansion of the study of education inequality and income distribution gap from the perspective of opportunity equity. At the same time, education, as an important channel to promote income flow, plays an important role in promoting the fairness of opportunity in income distribution. Therefore, this study on one hand can promote how to promote. Fairness in economic development provides ideas, on the other hand, it enriches the empirical research results of development economics.
The main innovative work of this paper includes:
(1) On the basis of reviewing China's educational inequality, income distribution gap and institutional changes of poverty, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of education and income distribution. The second is to analyze the influence of the government's educational decision-making on the distribution of education and income in light of China's actual conditions, and to clarify the mechanism of educational inequality and income distribution gap. This paper uses Gini coefficient to measure the degree of education inequality systematically in different regions of China, which is the first time in the same kind of literature. Moreover, considering education inequality and income inequality, the paper makes an empirical analysis of the relationship between education inequality and income distribution gap. This paper constructs a simultaneous equation group model including education inequality and income inequality, and estimates it with provincial panel data from 1996 to 2004 and three-stage least squares method. The reduction of education inequality and income inequality is not a simple linear relationship. The reason why education equality and income equality are not mutually reinforcing each other is that besides the reasons for the differences in educational returns at different levels, the structural characteristics of the labor market and the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas have important effects.
(2) Poverty groups are located at the bottom of the income class, which is a special case of income distribution gap. The alleviation of poverty has an important impact on narrowing the income gap and education gap. If the situation of education gap is not improved for a long time, it may lead to a vicious circle of poverty, which will eventually lead to the transition from temporary poverty to persistent poverty and even the deepening of persistent poverty. The results show that access to primary human capital is the key factor for poverty-stricken groups to get rid of poverty, and the reduction of educational inequality is conducive to promoting the poverty-stricken groups to accumulate primary human capital. Tired, and then get rid of poverty.
(3) Income mobility pays more attention to opportunity equity than the unequal results, and the impact of opportunity equity on society is greater. Moreover, in a society with large income distribution gap, adequate income mobility will help narrow the income distribution gap and alleviate the negative effects caused by excessive income distribution gap. From the perspective of income position, income share and social welfare, this paper measures China's income liquidity from 1989 to 2006, and draws a more stable conclusion. On this basis, it decomposes China's income liquidity from the relative position of income for the first time to explore China's income liquidity. Further, this paper constructs an Mlogit model of education and income mobility, and studies the role of education in promoting income mobility. The results show that both rural and urban income mobility experienced a process of first rising and then declining. The turning point was in the mid-late 1990s, but this did not bring about social welfare. The decomposition result of income mobility shows that income mobility mainly concentrates in the middle and low income classes and tends to solidify, which is the internal reason for the reduction of income mobility in China; moreover, under the realistic background of large income distribution gap, the reduction of income mobility is not conducive to the income distribution gap. Finally, education plays a significant role in promoting reasonable income flow, including the development of urban higher education and the provision of rural compulsory education.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：G521;F124.7
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前2条
1 韩海彬;李全生;;中国农村教育收敛分析——基于省级面板数据的实证研究[J];教育与经济;2013年02期
2 李晓妍;;高职院校校园文化构建与创新——正视阶层流动性的校园文化反思[J];商业文化(上半月);2012年03期
相关博士学位论文 前1条
1 刘润芳;人力资本的居民收入分配效应研究[D];西北大学;2012年
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 张帆;河南省鲁山县农村义务教育发展问题研究[D];郑州大学;2013年
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