《说文》亲属称谓研究

发布时间：2018-12-14 23:30

【摘要】：亲属称谓是指以血缘或姻缘为体系，以婚姻家庭为中心的包括家族亲属和族外亲属在内的亲属间的称谓。《易·序卦传》：“有男女然后有夫妇，有夫妇然后有父子。”所以，人伦始于男女结为夫妇，形成婚姻关系，他们再生儿育女，血亲关系逐渐扩展，称谓问题自然就应运而生。因此，亲属称谓是伴随着人类亲属群体的出现而出现，并随着社会的发展而变化。影响中国数千年的宗法制度的存在，让以血缘关系和姻亲关系为基础的男尊女卑长幼有序的文化传统也传承了几千年，与此相对应的是亲属称谓词的繁多和复杂。梁章钜在《称谓录》自序中指出：“古人称谓，各有差等，不相假借，其名号盖定于周公制礼之时……厥后世代愈积，称谓愈繁。”① 语言是文化的载体，因此，社会的变化会在语言中有相对应的反应，这种变化在词汇上表现地更为明显。王希杰曾指出：“语言又在本质上区别于其他文化，这表现为它同时又是文化的载体，它记录了人类文化，它本身就是一个人类的文化世界，语言和文化是相互影响和制约的。一方面，文化影响制约着语言的产生和发展；另一方面语言也影响着文化的产生、发展和传播。”汉语亲属称谓词是标明汉民族血缘以及婚姻关系的语言符号，亲属称谓词作为词汇中较为稳定的一部分，更能表现出民族文化的特征。成书于东汉的《说文解字》（以下简称《说文》）一书，是我国第一部以六书理论系统地分析字形、解释字义的字典，是中国语言学史上的一部巨著。它比较客观地分析了字的本义，这些字义大都反映了商周时期以及史前和两汉时期的社会文化观念。许慎在《说文》中对一些亲属称谓词作了释义，使我们在了解这些亲属称谓词的本义的基础上，，更好地探究它们演变的方式。本文以亲属称谓研究和古汉语词汇研究的基本理论作为指导，以《说文》中的亲属称谓词为研究对象，考察分析汉语亲属称谓词的发展演变情况。文章将其分为三大类：指称男性亲属的称谓词、指称女性亲属的称谓词以及统称男性和女性亲属的称谓词，每一大类又按辈分、长幼不同分为长辈亲属称谓、同辈亲属称谓和晚辈亲属称谓，并对每一个亲属称谓词进行了历时的阐释，揭示了亲属称谓同中国宗亲制度的关系，以及由此反映出的亲属关系、宗法制度、婚姻制度以及社会文化之变化等，以期把握汉民族亲属称谓的文化内涵。
[Abstract]:Kinship appellation refers to the appellation between relatives, including family relatives and non-clan relatives, with blood or marriage as the system and marriage and family as the center. "there are men and women, then there are couples, there are couples and then there are fathers and sons." Therefore, the relationship between men and women began as a couple, forming a marriage relationship, they have children, blood and kinship gradually expanded, the problem of appellation naturally came into being. Therefore, kinship appellation appears with the appearance of human kinship group and changes with the development of society. The existence of patriarchal clan system, which has influenced China for thousands of years, has made the cultural tradition of men superior to women long and orderly based on consanguinity and in-laws inherit for thousands of years, corresponding to the multiplicity and complexity of kinship appellations. In his preface to the title Book, Liang Zhangju pointed out: "the ancient appellations were different and did not borrow from each other, and their names were fixed at the time of Zhou's formal ceremony." "1 language is the carrier of culture, so the social change will have a corresponding response in language, and this change is more obvious in vocabulary. Wang Xijie once pointed out: "language is essentially different from other cultures, which is the carrier of culture at the same time. It records human culture, and it itself is a world of human culture, and language and culture influence and restrict each other." On the one hand, the influence of culture restricts the generation and development of language; on the other hand, language also affects the generation, development and dissemination of culture. " Chinese kinship appellations are linguistic symbols which indicate the blood relationship and marriage relationship of the Han nationality. As a relatively stable part of the vocabulary, the kinship appellations can show the characteristics of national culture. The book "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" (hereinafter referred to as Shuo Wen), written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the first dictionary in China to systematically analyze and explain the form and meaning of characters with the theory of six books. It is a great work in the history of Chinese linguistics. It objectively analyzes the original meaning of characters, which mostly reflect the social and cultural concepts of Shang and Zhou dynasties, prehistoric period and Han Dynasty. Xu Shen interprets some relative appellations in Shuo Wen, which makes us understand the meaning of these kinship appellations and probe into the way of their evolvement. Under the guidance of the basic theory of kinship appellation research and ancient Chinese lexical study, this paper takes the kinship appellation words in Shuo Wen as the research object, and investigates and analyzes the development and evolution of Chinese kinship appellations. The article divides it into three categories: the appellation words referring to male relatives, the appellations referring to female relatives, and the appellations collectively referred to as male and female relatives. The kinship appellation of the same generation and the kinship appellation of the younger generation are explained diachronically, and the relationship between the kinship appellation and the patriarchal system in China is revealed, as well as the kinship relation and patriarchal system reflected therefrom. The marriage system and the change of social culture are expected to grasp the cultural connotation of the kinship appellation of Han nationality.
【学位授予单位】：湖北师范学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H161

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